ۥ-!@ - );d(4/ Refraction of Light Air into Glass PROBLEM: How is light refracted when it passes from air into an optically denser medium, like glass? DIAGRAM: ** See Back Side of Title Page ** MATERIALS: SYMBOL 183 \f "Symbol" \s 10 \h ray box (single-slit) SYMBOL 183 \f "Symbol" \s 10 \h semi-circular glass block SYMBOL 183 \f "Symbol" \s 10 \h polar co-ordinate paper METHOD: 1. The glass block was placed on the polar co-ordinate paper, as seen in the diagram. The 0o - 180o line acted as the normal and passed through the center of the flat surface. 2. A single ray of light was directed at the flat surface of the glass, along the normal. Extra care was taken to re-assure that the ray passed through the centre of the flat surface. The angle of refraction was measured and recorded. 3. The method was repeated for angles of incidence of 10o, 20o, 30o, 40o, 50o, and 60o. Observations were then recorded in the following chart. 4. A scientific calculator was used to determine the values of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction. 5. The ratio sin i/sinR for each pair of angles was calculated. OBSERVATIONS: Observation Angle of incidence i Angle of refraction R sin i sin R sin i sin R  1 0o 0o 0 0 -E-  2 10o 7o 0.17 0.12 1.42  3 20o 14o 0.34 0.24 1.41  4 30o 20o 0.5 0.36 1.46  5 40o 27o 0.64 0.45 1.42  6 50o 32o 0.76 0.52 1.46  7 60o 36o 0.87 0.59 1.47   ANALYSIS: Sources of Error: The sources of error encountered in this experiment where the overall shape of the polar co-ordinate paper, the overall shape of the paper used to create a single ray of light, the other interfering sources of light, and the stability of the person's hand directing the ray box. The polar co-ordinate paper could affect the results because it was not new. The condition of the of the paper was second-hand, and it had many wrinkles in it. These problems could cause the ray of light to be measured incorrectly. The paper used to create a single ray of light could affect the results because the slit in the paper was cut by hand, and had obviously been man-handled before. Therefore the slit may become too large allowing more than the required amount of light to enter the semi-circular glass block. Other interfering sources of light could affect the results in this lab by giving one the impression that the angle of incidence, refraction, or reflection are in a location in which they actually aren't. Directing the ray box manually can affect the results because the angle it is lined up on is only as good as the person's hand eye coordination. Most of these errors could be minimized if the products used are in new conditions. These errors could be minimized even further by working in a room with only one source of light, the ray box. Finally, the use of an automated ray box, which can direct itself, would help to further reduce errors. This experiment could be improved by using all new materials, and as little human involvement as possible. QUESTIONS 15.1 1. When light travels from air to glass with an angle of incidence of 0o, there is no refraction on the other end, where the light exits. 2. When light travels from air to glass at an angle of incidence greater that 0o, it bends towards the normal. 3. In relation to the normal, the incident and refracted rays are located on opposite sides. 4. The angle of refraction is always smaller than the angle of incidence in each case. 5. The sin i/sin R for all angles of incidence greater than 0o, is generally constant. 6. If light travels from air to glass, it bends away from the normal. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, light is refracted towards the normal when it passes from air into an optically denser medium, like glass. This result is valid, even with a small allowance for error, because this is how the mechanics of light work. F Pvvv}FF]XEU؁v6Phv6PjjjMM]MXEU؁VRefraction of Light Air into Glass PROBLEM: How is light refracted when it passes from air into an optically denser medium,?IKLklcdejk!"9:@AGHJNQUVXZ^_bcprwx{|            N 4:EX  &    &=?K9 !$9<CJQXZX5lKV<: jh h h h h h!h!h!h!h!!!6 Z]aehkpruz~ "(.468:ĕĕĕĕĕĕĕ!h.lKV<: jh h h h h h3:EXr G Q x&!!!!!!h!$2F +"ޔ l Z: ;Times New Roman Symbol&ArialAdjutant-Normal$Aa999@ @ @ "hم٥٥ /Andrew LikakisAndrew Likakis