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ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>Chop Here>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ Sec. V No. 4 Gelled Flame Fuels Gelled or paste type fuels are often preferable to raw gasoline for use in incendiary devices such as fire bottles (Molotov cocktails). This type fuel adheres more readily to the target and produces greater heat concentration. Several methods are shown for gelling gasoline using commonly available materials. The methods are divided into the following categories based on the gelling agent: 4.1 Lye System 4.2 Lye-Alcohol System 4.3 Soap-Alcohol Systems 4.4 Egg White System 4.5 Latex System 4.6 Wax System 4.7 Animal Blood System From the Improvised Munitions Handbook Frankford Arsenal, Philadelphia Sec. V No. 4.1 Lye System Gelled Flame Fuel Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in combination with powdered rosin or castor oil to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self- igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The acid will react with the lye and break down the gel. MATERIALS REQUIRED: Parts by volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Station or motor vehicle 2 (flake) Lye Drain cleaner, food/drug store 1 (powder) making soap 15 Rosin making paint naval stores and varnish paint factory or Castor Oil medicine food/drug store PROCEDURE: CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING! 1 - Pour gasoline into a jar, bottle, or other container. (DO NOT USE AN ALUMINUM CONTAINER!) 2 - If rosin is in cake form, cut into small pieces 3 - Add rosin or castor oil to the gasoline and stir for about five (5) minutes to mix thoroughly. 4 - In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of water slowly while stirring constantly. CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. 5 - Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens (about 1 minute) The mixture will eventually thicken into a very firm paste which can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline. Sec. V No. 4.2 Lye-Alcohol System Gelled Flame Fuel Lye (also known as caustic soda or sodium hydroxide) can be used in combination with alcohol and any of several fats to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Note: This fuel is unsuitable for use in the chemical self- igniting (sulfuric acid) type of fire bottle (Sec V No 1). The acid will react with the lye and break down the gel. MATERIALS REQUIRED: Parts by volume Ingredient How Used Common Source --------------- ---------- -------- ------------- 60 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas Station or motor vehicle 2 (flake) Lye Drain cleaner, drug store 1 (powder) making soap food store 2 Ethyl Alcohol liquor liquor store medicine drug store NOTE: Methyl (wood) alcohol or isopropyl alcohol can be substituted for ethyl alcohol, but their use produces softer gels. 14 Tallow food Fat rendered by making soap cooking the meat or suet of animals NOTE: The following can be substituted for tallow: (a) Lanolin (very good) woolgrease -- fat extracted from sheep's wool (b) Castor Oil (good) (c) Any vegetable oil (corn, cottonseed, peanut, etc.) (d) Any fish oil (e) Butter or margarine It ia necessary when using substitutes (c) to (e) to double the given amount of lye and fat for satisfactory thickening. PROCEDURE: CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING! 1- Pour gasoline into bottle, jar or other container. (DO NOT USE AN ALUMINUM CONTAINER!) 2- Add Tallow (or substitute) to the gasoline and stir for 30 seconds to dissolve fat completely 3- Add alcohol to the gas/fat mixture 4 - In a second container (NOT ALUMINUM) add lye to an equal volume of water slowly while stirring constantly. CAUTION: Lye solution can burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. 5 - Add lye solution to the gasoline mix and stir until mixture thickens (about 30 minutes) The mixture will eventually (1 to 2 days) thicken into a very firm paste which can be thinned, if desired, by stirring in additional gasoline. Sec. V No. 4.3 Soap-Alcohol System Gelled Flame Fuel Material Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Sources -------- ---------- -------- -------------- 36 Gasoline Motor fuel Gas station, Motor vehicles 1 Ethyl Alcohol Liquor Liquor store medicine Drug store NOTE: Methyl (wood) or Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohols can de substituted for ethyl alcohol. 20 (powder) Laundry Soap Washing Stores, homes 28 (flake) of clothes NOTE: Unless the word "SOAP" actually appears somewhere on the container or wrapper, a washing powder is probably a detergent. DETERGENTS CAN NOT BE USED. PROCEDURE: CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING! 1- If bar soap is used, carve into thin flakes with a knife or grate with a cheese grater. 2- Pour gasoline and alcohol into a bottle, jar or other container and mix thoroughly. 3- Add soap to gasoline-alcohol mixture and stir occasionally until thickened (about 15 minutes). Sec V No. 4.4 Egg System Gelled Flame Fuel The white of any bird egg can be used to thicken gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source ------ ---------- -------- ------------- 85 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles 14 Egg whites food, industry food stores, farms Any one of the following: 1 Table salt food, industry food stores, hardware stores, seawater, brine 3 Ground coffee food food store, coffee plant 3 Dry tea leaves food food store, tea plant 3 Cocoa food food store, cacao tree 2 Sugar food, industry food store, food processing, sugar cane 1 Saltpeter medicine, ex- Drug store, natural deposits (potassium plosives, pyro- nitrate) technics, matches 1 Epsom salts medicine drug/food store, natural deposits 2 Washing soda washing cleaner drug/food store (sal soda) medicine photo supply store photography 1 1/2 Baking Soda baking, medicine drug/food stores (sodium bicarbonate) 1 1/2 Aspirin medicine drug/food store (acetylsalicylic acid) PROCEDURE: CAUTION: Make sure there are no open flames in the area when mixing flame fuels. NO SMOKING! 1- Separate egg whites from yolk. There is a simple kitchen tool to do this, or break the egg into a bowl and gently lift out the yolk with a spoon. NOTE: Do not mix ANY of the yellow yolk in with the clear white. If yolk contaminates the white, discard the egg. 2- Pour egg into a jar, bottle, or other container and add gasoline. 3- Add the salt (or other additive) to the gas/egg mixture and stir occasionally until gel forms (5-10 minutes) NOTE: A thicker gelled flame fuel can be formed by putting the covered container in a bath of hot (65јC/145јF) water for about 1/2 hour and then cooling to room temperature. (DO NOT HEAT THE GELLED FUEL CONTAINING COFFEE) Sec. V No. 4.5 Latex System Gelled Flame Fuel Any milky white plant fluid is a potential source of latex which can be used to gel gasoline. Materials Required: Ingredient How Used Common Source ---------- -------- ------------- Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles Latex paints, adhesives Rubber cement (commercial or natural) Tree or plant paint factory Acid- 1 of: Acetic Acid food, photography Food store (vinegar) Photo supplies hard cider Sulfuric acid Storage batteries Motor Vehicles (Oil of Vitriol) Industry Industrial plants Hydrochloric acid Metal pickling, Hardware stores (Muriatic acid) cleaning, industry Industrial plants NOTE: If acids are unavailable, use acid salt (alum, sulfates and chlorides rather than sodium or potassium). The formic acid from crushed red ants can be used. Procedure: With commercial rubber latex- 1- Mix 92 parts by volume gasoline and 7 parts latex in a jar, bottle or other container. Mix thoroughly. 2- Add 1 part by volume acid and stir or shake until gel forms. With Natural Latex: 1- Natural latex should form lumps as it comes from the plant. If lumps do not form, add a small amount of acid to the latex. Strain off the lumps and allow to dry in air. 2- Place 20 parts by volume latex in a jar and add 80 parts gasoline. Cover and wait until latex lumps swell to form a gelatinous mass (2-3 days). Sec. V No. 4.6 Wax System Gelled Flame Fuel Any of several common waxes can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source ------ ---------- -------- ------------- 80 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles 20 Any of the following: Ozocerite leather polish natural deposits Mineral wax sealing wax hardware store Ceresin wax candles general store fossil wax crayons department store waxed paper home canning Beeswax candles beehive honeycomb wax fruit Apiary supplies floor waxes general store textile finish department store Bayberry wax candles natural form Myrtle wax soaps Myrica berries medicines drug store leather polish general store Procedure: 1- Natural Sources - Plants and berries are potential sources of waxes. Place the plants and/or berries in boiling water. The wax will melt and rise to the surface. Let the water cool and skim off the now hardened wax. 2- Melt the wax and pour it into a jar or bottle which is in a hot water bath. 3- Add the gasoline and stir to mix in the wax. 4- When the wax has completely dissolved in gasoline, allow the water bath to slowly cool to room temperature. 5- If a gel does not form, add additional wax, up to 40% by volume. If no gel forms with 40% wax, make a lye solution by dissolving a small amount of lye (sodium hydroxide) in an equal amount of water. Add this solution (1/2% by volume) to the gas/wax mixture and shake or stir until the mixture gels. Sec. V No. 4.7 Animal Blood System Gelled Flame Fuel Animal blood can be used to gel gasoline for use as a flame fuel which will adhere to target surfaces. Materials Required: Parts by Volume Ingredient How Used Common Source ------ ---------- -------- ------------- 68 Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas stations, motor vehicles 30 Blood food Slaughterhouse, wild animals Serum medicine Hospitals 2 Any one of the following: salt ground coffee dry tea leaves sugar baking soda epsom salts lime mortar Hardware/garden store plaster drug store medicine from calcium carbonate Procedure: Preparation of animal blood serum: Hang animal over pail or tub. Slit animal's throat by jugular vein and allow to drain into pail. Let the blood sit until it gets lumpy (coagulated). Place lumpy blood in a cloth or on a screen and collect the red fluid (serum) which drains through. Store this in a cool place if possible CAUTION: Do not get aged animal blood or serum into an open cut. This may cause infections. 1- Pour blood serum into a jar, bottle , or other container and add gasoline. 2- Add the salt (or other additive) and stir until a gel forms. Sec. V No. 1 Chemical Fire Bottle This incendiary bottle is self-igniting on impact (The advantage of a self-igniting flame bottle is that there is no flame trail leading back to the thrower. Hostile forces thus have some difficulty spotting the source of the device.) Materials Required: How Used Common Sources -------- -------------- Gasoline Motor Fuel Gas station, motor vehicles Sulfuric acid Batteries Motor vehicles Material Pro- Industrial plants cessing Potassium Chlorate Medicine Drug store Sugar Sweetener Food stores Glass bottle with stopper, cap, or cork (approx 1 litre size) Small bottle or jar with lid Rag or absorbent paper (paper towel, newspaper) String or rubber bands Procedure: 1- Sulfuric Acid must be concentrated. If battery acid or other dilute acid is used, concentrate it by boiling until dense white fumes are given off. Use enamelware or ovenproof glass container, not metal and especially not aluminum. DANGER: Acid will burn skin and destroy clothing. If any is spilled, wash away immediately with large quantities of water. Fumes are also dangerous and must not be inhaled. 2- Remove the acid from heat and allow to cool to room temperature. 3- Pour gasoline into the large bottle until it is approximately 2/3 full. 4- Add concentrated sulfuric acid until the bottle is filled to within 2-5 cm from the top (1-2 in.). Cap the bottle securely. 5- Wash the outside of the bottle thoroughly with clear water. CAUTION: If the bottle is not thoroughly washed, it may be dangerous to handle during use. 6- Wrap a clean cloth or several layers of absorbent paper around the outside of the bottle. Tie with string or fasten with rubber bands. 7- Dissolve 100g (1/2 cup) of potassium chlorate and 100g (1/2 cup) sugar in 250cc (1 cup) boiling water. 8- Allow the solution to cool, pour it into the small jar and cap tightly. The cooled solution should be approx. 2/3 crystals and 1/3 liquid. If there is more liquid than this, pour off excess before using. DANGER: Do not store these two bottles together! If the solutions mix by accident a fire will immediately result. How To Use: 1- Shake the small bottle to mix the contents thoroughly, and pour onto the cloth or paper around the large bottle. Bottle can be used while the cloth or paper is wet or after it dries. After drying, however, the sugar/potassium chlorate mixture is extremely flammable and can be ignited by the smallest spark or flame and must be handled accordingly. The bottle can be wrapped in plastic to delay drying. 2- Throw or launch the bottle. When the bottle breaks against a hard surface, the fuel will ignite.