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ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>Chop Here>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ>ФФФФФФФФФ AGRI-TOPICS -------------------------------------------------------------- National Agricultural Library Beltsville, MD 20705 Public Services Division -------------------------------------------------------------- DRIED FLOWERS As evidenced by the discovery of preserved flowers in ancient Egyptian tombs, people have for centuries engaged in the art of preserving flowers. Today, a large variety of annuals, biennials and perennials are successfully preserved. Because properly dried flowers can persist for years after harvesting, they are often referred to as everlastings or immortelles. To ascertain the optimum growing conditions and harvesting time for a particular species, one should not rely solely on books or articles. Experienced growers will frequently be the best sources of information. In general, flowering plants require ample sunlight, good drainage and a growing season with a minimum of 80 days. Harvesting flowers at the appropriate time is critical. Flowers which are without blemishes, insects or diseases should be picked on mornings of low humidity after the dew has evaporated from the petals. Several techniques can be utilized to remove moisture from the collected flowers. The simplest method is to tie a rubber band around a bunch of flowers after their leaves have been removed, and to hang them upside down out of direct sunlight in a dry, well-ventilated attic, closet or garage. Ideally, the drying area should have a temperature between 60<198> and 80<198> F and a humidity rate less than 60%. Another method is to place the flowers in a container and to cover them with clean, fine sand, or a mixture of borax and cornmeal, or a nonchlorophyll kitty litter. These inexpensive substances provide the flowers with support, enabling them to maintain their shape while they dry naturally. A more costly method is to use an airtight container and to cover the flowers with silica gel, a desiccant, which not only provides support to the flowers but also removes moisture from them. Overall, the more rapidly flowers dry, the less likely they are to become moldy and the more vivid their colors remain. The drying process can be further accelerated by placing the container in a microwave oven or by applying heat. Depending on the method chosen and the particular plant material being preserved, drying time may take between one and four weeks. The uses of preserved flowers are limited only by one's imagination. They are popular in floral arrangements, wreaths, bouquets, potpourri and corsages. (NOTE: Call numbers are given for items owned by NAL.) BASIC FLOWER DRYING JOURNAL ARTICLES ---------------- Alden, Janice. 1979. "They are beautiful dried, too." AFRICAN VIOLET MAGAZINE. 32(4, pt. 1): 16-17. NAL Call No.: 80.AF8 Bennett, Jennifer. 1985. "The dried flowers of Hedgehog Hill." HORTICULTURE. 63(8): 44-47, 49-51. NAL Call No.: 80.H787 Emerson, William J. 1979. "Drying flowers in a microware oven." THE PRAIRIE GARDEN. 36: 96-97. NAL Call No.: 80.W73 Loebel, JoAnn Schowalter. 1987. "Flowers for drying: everlasting perennials." AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. 66(10): 10-13. NAL Call No.: 80.N216 Nau, Jim. 1989. "A flower grower's bibliography: basic references." GATHERINGS: THE CUT FLOWER QUARTERLY. 1(1):2-3. O'Neil, Sunny. 1988. "An exciting new way to dry flowers." FLOWERLETTER. 5(3): 1-2. "Onions that produce flowers, beautiful to bizarre, fresh or dried." 1987. SUNSET (CENTRAL WEST EDITION). 179(5): 233. NAL Call No.: 110.SU7 Petersons, Hedviga V. 1981. "Drying and preserving flowers." FACTSHEET. ONTARIO MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD. No. 81-016. NAL Call No.: S155.A105 Proulx, E. A. 1984. "Dried and true." HORTICULTURE. 62(8): 24-28, 30. NAL Call No.: 80.H787 Reilly, Ann. 1984. "Plan/plant now for your dried flowers." FLOWER AND GARDEN. 28(2): 26-28. NAL Call No.: SB403.F5 Russell, A. Brooke. 1987. "How-to hints for July gardeners: dried florals capture summer's glory." AMERICAN HORTICULTURIST. 66(7): 8, 10-11. NAL Call No.: 80.N216 Sheffield, Richard R. 1980. "Plant everlastings for year-round enjoyment." ORGANIC GARDENING. 27(1): 186-188. NAL Call No.: 57.8.OR32 Swan, Joyce. 1988. "Everlastings: flowers that keep on giving." FLOWER AND GARDEN. 32(3): 38-39. NAL Call No.: SB403.F5 BOOKS ----- COMMERCIAL FIELD PRODUCTION OF CUT AND DRIED FLOWERS: A NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. Sponsored by The Center for Alternative Crops and Products, University of Minnesota and The American Society of Horticultural Science, December 6-8, 1988. [Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota?, 1988?]. NAL Call No.: SB442.85.C6 Conder, Susan. DRIED FLOWERS: DRYING AND ARRANGING. Boston: David R. Godine, 1988. (ISBN 0-87923-719-8). Condon, Geneal. THE COMPLETE BOOK OF FLOWER PRESERVATION. Boulder, CO: Pruett, 1982. (ISBN 0-87108-618-2). [Out of Print] Embertson, Jane. PODS: WILDFLOWERS AND WEEDS IN THEIR FINAL BEAUTY; GREAT LAKES REGION, NORTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND ADJACENT CANADA AND AREAS WHERE FROST AND FREEZE ARE COMMON. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979. (ISBN 0-684-155442-7). NAL Call No.: QK660.E53 Floyd, Harriet. PLANT IT NOW, DRY IT LATER. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973. (ISBN 0-07-021387-9). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7F5 [Out of Print] Foster, Maureen. PRESERVED FLOWERS: PRACTICAL METHODS AND CREATIVE USES. London: Pelham Books, 1973. (ISBN 0-72070-536-3). NAL Call No.: SB447.F67. [Out of Print] Hillier, Malcolm. THE BOOK OF DRIED FLOWERS: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO GROWING, DRYING AND ARRANGING. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1986. (ISBN 0-671-61939-X). Godwin, Buck Godwin. ALBERTA SUPERNATURALS. Olds, Alberta: Olds College Bookstore, 1987. Joosten, Titia. FLOWER DRYING WITH A MICROWARE: TECHNIQUES AND PROJECTS. Asheville, NC: Lark Books, 1988. (ISBN 0-937274-48-8). NAL Call No.: SB447.J6613 1988 Karel, Leonard. DRIED FLOWERS FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT: A HISTORY AND PRACTICAL GUIDE TO FLOWER DRYING. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1973. (ISBN 0-8108-0512-X). NAL Call No.: SB447.K29 Lindgren, Linda Lee. DECORATIONS FROM NATURE: GROWING, PRESERVING & ARRANGING NATURALS. Radnor, PA: Chilton Book Company, 1986. (ISBN 0-8019-7696-0). NAL Call No.: TT157.L5 Mann, Pauline. FLOWERS THAT LAST: ARRANGING DRIED AND PRESERVED PLANTS & FLOWERS. London: B.T. Batsford, 1984. (ISBN 0-7134-3842-8). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7M3 Maurice, Grizelda. A FLOWER ARRANGER'S GARDEN. London: B.T. Batsford, 1988. (ISBN 0-7134-5373-7). NAL Call No.: SB449.M358 Mierhof, Annette. THE DRIED FLOWER BOOK: GROWING, PICKING, DRYING, ARRANGING. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1981. (ISBN 0-525-09573-X; 0-525-47700-4; 0-525-48239-3). NAL Call No.: SB447.M5313 1981 Ohrbach, Barbara Milo. THE SCENTED ROOM: CHERCHEZ'S BOOK OF DRIED FLOWERS, FRAGRANCE, AND POTPOURRI. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1986. (ISBN 0-517-56081-X). NAL Call No.: TT899.4.O47 1986 Olson, Beverly and Judy Lazzara. COUNTRY FLOWER DRYING. New York: Sterling Publishing, 1988. (ISBN 0-8069-6746-3). Penzner, Diana with Mary Forsell. EVERLASTING DESIGN: MORE IDEAS AND TECHNIQUES FOR DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Facts on File, 1987. (ISBN 0-8160-1415-9). Petelin, Carol. THE CREATIVE GUIDE TO DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Viking, 1989. (ISBN 0-86350-193-1). Rogers, Barbara Radcliffe. THE ENCYLOPAEDIA OF EVERLASTINGS: THE COMPLETE GUIDE TO GROWING, PRESERVING, AND ARRANGING DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988. (ISBN 1-55584-133-3). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7R63 1988 Silber, Mark. THE COMPLETE BOOK OF EVERLASTINGS: GROWING, DRYING, AND DESIGNING WITH DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Knopf, 1988. (ISBN 0-394-54677-6). Thorpe, Patricia. EVERLASTINGS: THE COMPLETE BOOK OF DRIED FLOWERS. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 1985. (ISBN 0-8160-1110-9). NAL Call No.: SB449.3.D7T48 Whitlock, Sarah and Martha Rankin. DRIED FLOWERS: HOW TO PREPARE THEM. New York: Dover Publication, 1975. (ISBN 0-486-21802-3). NAL Call No.: SB447.W45 1975 Wiita, Betty Smith. DRIED FLOWERS FOR ALL SEASONS. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982. (ISBN 0-4422-4559-9). DRIED COMMERCIAL FLOWER PRODUCTION BOOKS ----- Anderson, Gary A. FLORAL DESIGN AND MARKETING. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Education Curriculum Materials Service, 1988. Ball, Vic, editor. BALL RED BOOK: GREENHOUSE GROWING. 14th ed. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., l985. (ISBN 0-8359-0382-6). NAL Call No.: SB405.B25 1985 Boodley, James W. THE COMMERCIAL GREENHOUSE HANDBOOK. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., l981. (ISBN 0-442-23146-6). NAL Call No.: SB415.B66 CORNELL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE CROPS. Part 1: Cultural practices and production programs (9/88). Part 2: Pest control--diseases, insects, and weeds (1987 is being revised). Ithaca: New York State College of Agriculture & Life Sciences. Goodrich, Dana C., Jr. FLORAL MARKETING. New York: Lebhar-Friedman Books, l980. (ISBN 0-912016-92-2). NAL Call No.: SB443.G65 Ingels, Jack E. ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, Inc., 1985. (ISBN 0-8273-1943-6). NAL Call No.: SB404.9.I54 Jozwik, Francis X. PLANTS FOR PROFIT: A COMPLETE GUIDE TO GROWING AND SELLING GREENHOUSE CROPS. Mills, NY: Andmar Press, 1984. (ISBN 0-916781-00-3). NAL Call No.: SB415.J69 Larson, Roy A., editor. INTRODUCTION TO FLORICULTURE. New York: Academic Press, 1980. (ISBN 0-12-437650-9). NAL Call No.: SB405.I55 Laurie, Alex, D.C. Kiplinger, and Kennard S. Nelson. COMMERCIAL FLOWER FORCING: THE FUNDAMENTALS AND THEIR PRACTICAL APPLICATION TO THE CULTURE OF GREENHOUSE CROPS. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1979. (ISBN 0-07-036633-0). NAL Call No.: SB415.L3 1979 McDaniel, Gary L. ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE. 2nd ed. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1982. (ISBN 0-8359-5348-3). NAL Call No.: SB404.9.M33 1982 Nau, Jim. BALL CULTURE GUIDE. Chicago: Ball Seed Company, 1989. Nelson, Kennard S. FLOWER AND PLANT PRODUCTION IN THE GREENHOUSE. 3rd ed. Danville, IL: Interstate Printers & Publishers, 1978. (ISBN 0-8134-1965-4). NAL Call No.: SB415.N4 1978 Nelson, Kennard S. GREENHOUSE MANAGEMENT FOR FLOWER AND PLANT PRODUCTION. 2nd ed. Danville, IL: Interstate Printers & Publishers, 1980. (ISBN 0-8134-2070-9). NAL Call No.: SB415.N43 1980 Nelson, Paul V. GREENHOUSE OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT. 3rd ed. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., 1985. (ISBN 0-8359-2583-8). NAL Call No.: SB415.N44 1985 Post, Kenneth. FLORIST CROP PRODUCTION AND MARKETING. NY: Orange Judd Publishing, 1949. NAL Call No.: 96.04.P84 [Out of Print] Reilly, Ann. PARK'S SUCCESS WITH SEEDS. Greenwood, SC: George W. Park Seed Company, 1978. NAL Call No.: SB117.R46 Salinger, John P. COMMERCIAL FLOWER GROWING. Wellington, New Zealand: Butterworths Horticultural Books, 1985. (ISBN 0-409-70150-5). NAL Call No.: SB406.S34 Strider, David L. DISEASES OF FLORAL CROPS. 2 vols. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1985. (ISBN 0-03-002929-5). NAL Call No.: SB608.07.D57 Westcott, Cynthia. WESTCOTT'S PLANT DISEASE HANDBOOK. 4th ed. Revised by Kenneth Horst. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979. (ISBN 0-442-23543-7). NAL Call No.: SB731.W46 1979 Whitmore, Susan C. and Henry Gilbert. "Floricultural marketing, 1979-1988." QUICK BIBLIOGRAPHY series no. QB89-69. Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library, 1988. NAL Call No.: aZ5071.N3 Whitmore, Susan C. and Henry Gilbert. MARKETING OF FLORICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN THE UNITED STATES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. BIBLIOGRAPHIES & LITERATURE OF AGRICULTURE series no. 66. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, l989. NAL Call No.: aZ5076.A1U54 JOURNALS -------- BULLETIN. PENNSYLVANIA FLOWER GROWERS. Pennsylvania Flower Growers, 12 Cavalier Drive, Ambler, PA 19002. (215) 646-7550. 8x/yr. (ISSN 0031-448x). NAL Call No.: 80.P382 FLORAL AND NURSERY TIMES. P.O. Box 699, 629 Green Bay, Wilmette, IL 60091. (312) 256-8777. Twice monthly. FLORAL MARKETING DIRECTORY AND BUYER'S GUIDE. Floral Marketing Division of the Produce Marketing Association, 1500 Casho Mill Road, P.O. Box 6036, Newark, DE 19714-6036. (302) 738-7100. Annual. NAL Call No.: SB404.U6F6 FLORIST. Florists' Transworld Delivery Association, 29200 Northwestern Highway, P.O. Box 2227, Southfield, MI 48037. (313) 355-9300. Monthly. (August issue: FLORIST BUYERS' DIRECTORY). (ISSN 0015-4385). NAL Call No.: SB403.F6 FLORISTS' REVIEW. Florists' Review Enterprises, Inc., Suite 105, 2231 Wanamaker, P.O. Box 4368, Topeka, KS 66614. (913) 273-1734. Monthly. (ISSN 0015-4423). NAL Call No.: 80.W41 FLOWER NEWS. Cenflo, Inc., 549 West Randolph Street, Chicago, IL 60606. (312) 236-8648 or (800) 732-4581. Weekly. (ISSN 0015-4490). NAL Call No.: SB443.3.F6 FLOWERS &. Teleflora Inc., Teleflora Plaza, Suite 260, 12233 West Olympic Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90064. (213) 826-5253. Monthly. (July issue: Buyers' Guide). (ISSN 0199-4751). NAL Call No.: SB442.8.F56 GREENHOUSE GROWER. Meister Publishing Co., 37841 Euclid Avenue, Willoughby, OH 44094. (216) 942-2000. Monthly. (ISSN 0745-7324). NAL Call No.: SB415.G742 GREENHOUSE MANAGER. Branch-Smith, Inc., 120 St. Louis Avenue, Ft. Worth, TX 76104. (817) 332-8236. Monthly. (ISSN 0744-8988). NAL Call No.: SB415.G744 GROWER TALKS. Grower Talks, P.O. Box 532, North River Lane, Suite 206, Geneva, IL 60134. (312) 208-9350. Monthly. (August issue: FLORAL GROWER DIRECTORY). (ISSN 0276-9433). NAL Call No.: 80.G91 MICHIGAN FLORIST. Michigan State Florists' Association, 2420 Science Parkway, Okemos, MI 48864. (517) 349-5754. Bimonthly. (ISSN 0026-217X). NURSERY BUSINESS. Brantwood Publications, Inc., Northwood Plaza Station, Clearwater, FL 34621-0360. (813) 796-3877. Monthly. (ISSN 0029-6406). NAL Call No.: 80.So827 NURSERY MANAGER. Branch-Smith Publishing, 120 St. Louis Avenue, Fort Worth, TX 76104. (817) 332-8236. Monthly. (September issue: ALL-INDUSTRY BUYERS' GUIDE). (ISSN 0746-973X). NAL Call No.: SB1.N86 OHIO FLORISTS' ASSOCIATION. BULLETIN. Ohio Florists' Association, 700 Ackerman Road, No. 230, Columbus, OH 43202. (614) 488-1867. Monthly. (ISSN 0030-090X). SAF. Society of American Florists, 1601 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (800) 336-4743 or (703) 8836-8700. Monthly. (ISSN 0747-1408). NAL Call No.: SB443.3.S4 ASSOCIATIONS, ORGANIZATIONS AND AGENCIES American Floral Marketing Council. c/o Society of American Florists, 1601 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-8700. Association of Specialty Cut Flower Growers. P.O. Box 2796, Friday Harbor, WA 98250. (206) 378-3760. Color Association of the United States. 343 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10016. (212) 683-9531. Floral Marketing Division, Produce Marketing Association. 1500 Casho Mill Road, P.O. Box 6036, Newark, DE 19714. (302) 738-7100. Florists' Transworld Delivery Association. 29200 Northwestern Highway, Southfield, MI 48037. (313) 355-9300. Society of American Florists, 1601 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314. (703) 836-8700. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, Agricultural Information and Marketing Services, Room 4649, South Building, 14th & Independence Avenue, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20250. (202) 447-7103 or (800) FAS-AIMS. Wholesale Florists & Florist Suppliers of America. 5313 Lee Highway, Arlington, VA 22207. (703) 241-1100. November 1989 Prepared by: Carol Kopolow Librarian Reference Branch National Agricultural Library Beltsville, MD 20705