extracted from: DETAILS, April 1991. BEDTIME FOR BONG-O The DEA has laid siege to High Times, the official voice of pothead culture. Can its editor blow the lid off the cannabis conspiracy? by Erik Hedegaard. Who are the men in the black van, and why are they following Steve Hager? Hager used to stay in motels when he traveled. No longer. Because when he did, the men in the black van with the smoked windows would rent the room next to his and pretend to work on it. They would be dressed just like real workmen. The men would have drills. The men would occasionally pull the triggers of the drill. "What're you guys doing?", Hager would say to them. The men would say, "We're working." Steve Hager knows what the men in the van were working on. What they were working on was him. Hager is the editor of High Times magazine. You may know High Times. Then again, you may not, so deep has it been buried at the newsstands that still carry it. High Times is the magazine for the recreational drug user: Penthouse for potheads. The High Times centerfold is a double-page, Vaseline-lensed shot of an exotic bud of glorious, mind-blowing weed. The magazine features all manner of growing information as well as travelogues on Nepal, Jamaica, Hawaii -wherever mind-altering substances can be found. A relic, then. A dream of the '60s. Except that in Steve Hager's mind the counterculture is very much alive. Hager is sitting in his Manhattan office. He's wearing a pair of no-name sneakers, jeans, and a sleeveless, lime-green T-shirt. He's got real skinny arms, along which highways of veins run jaggedly haywire. Hager shrugs and looks around his office, down at the floor, up into the corners. "I haven't done a sweep," he says. "I just take it for granted that this place is bugged." A week or two ago, his apartment was broken into. A random bit of thievery, or something more purposeful? Who knows? The men in the black van never seem to take a day off. These are heady times to be a pothead. Across the United States, pot and all that it stands for are under attack. In October 1989 the DEA put Operation Green Merchant into action. High Times's advertisers have been mostly gardening-supply companies, and Hager thinks that the DEA figured that by putting the pressure on them it could also do something about High Times. So it raided the merchants and began busting people who did business with them. A guy named Bob , in Colorado, was one such person. Here, according to the newspaper Westword, is what happened to Bob. The DEA agents, hot on the drug tail, wedged their way into Bob's place, after which one of them went over to Bob's arthritic old Doberman, slicked out his pistol, and put the pistol to the pooch's face. "We can either do this the hard way or the easy way," the agent said to Bob. The dog lived. Bob saw the bracelets. Moreover, there is the little matter of the Feds down in New Orleans. Hager learned of their interest last May, when he was served with a subpoena to appear before a grand jury investigating the magazine for conspiracy to distribute drugs. This allegation was based on the fact that High Times had accepted ads from a Dutch company doing business in mail-order marijuana seeds. (High Times has since been dropped from the investigation.) All of this, of course, has had an effect on High Times. In recent months, it has lost many of its advertisers. Hager, it must be said, conducts himself in this troubled situation with a certain sangfroid. But even he needs something to calm his frazzled nerves. He takes a bite of toasted bagel with cream cheese. "I would say being around High Times definitely makes me smoke a lot more pot than if I wasn't around High Times," he says. "It just sort of comes with the territory." Hager's is the benign face of the post-coke, post-crack substance abuser of the '90s. He is quiet and sincere. He doesn't touch synthetic drugs, thinks cocaine is the Antichrist. Conversely, pot is so wholesome it's almost good for you. "Like after a hard day at work," he says, "you want to come back to you pad and relax. One of the most effective, least toxic ways to do that is to smoke a joint. It makes you a less aggressive, more mellow person." The country's young people, Hager thinks, are rediscovering this. "The last generation that came up was a bad one," he says. "But the next one, coming up now, the kids just entering college, I think, have a whole new counterculture spirit. A lot of them are smoking pot, but more importantly, a lot of them realize that pot isn't a dangerous thing." Mention the youth of America and marijuana in the same sentence and you immediately make enemies. But black vans? Why are they out to get Steve Hager? What makes Steve Hager so dangerous? Hager knows. Hager is thrashing around his office, looking for a journal from the 1930s, a report that was presented during the Agricultural Processing Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on Fegruary 26, 1937. Wide-eyed and unshaven, Hager is rummaging through overflowing files and digging his fingers into a pile of documents on a coffee table. The papers swirl away from him. Suddenly he's waving something: an analysis of the marijuana plant written by one George A. Lowry, entitled Flax and Hemp: From the Seed to the Loom. Hager flips into the heart of the document. "Let me show you real quickly what it says here about hemp," he says, and begins to read: "Hemp, the strongest of the vegetable fibers, gives the greatest production per acre and requires the least attention per acre. It not only requires no weeding but also kills off all the weeds and leaves the soil in splendid condition for the following crop." Also: "Floods and dust storms have given warnings against the destruction of timber. Possibly, the hitherto waste product of...hemp may yet meet a good part of that need, especially in the plastics field, which is growing by leaps and bounds." Hager drops the document on the coffee table and looks out a window that gives onto the city and its massive car-crammed streets. He shakes his head. He's a little grim now. "It was only a few weeks from the deliverance of this report," he says, "to the outlawing of hemp." That fact, to Hager, explains a lot -not only about why he's being hounded but also about who is doing the hounding. It all has to do with economics. In his estimation, the government is merely acting as the agent of a poweer even greater than itself, with "far-seeing eyes," that has "investigated possibilities of profits and long-term.. you know," and has come to the conclusion that High Times is a threat to the power's continuing existence and good fortune and that it must be driven out of existence- disappeared. Hager likes to say, "Hemp -pot- can be used in the manufacture of a whole range of products -plastics, fuel, fiber, food, medicines, even dynamite. These products, many of them, are currently made with petrochemicals, pollutants of the first water -so what Hager is proposing is that harmless hemp be used instead. He wants marijuana to be legalized, not only so the country can toke at will but also to save the country. Which is why the fellows in the black van have it in for Hager. Should he attract too many believerrs, there could be a ground swell of pro-hemp activism, which could lead to the overthrow of current laws regulating hemp, which could lead to hemp's replacing petrochemicals in the manufacture of any number of products. In other words, it could spell the demise of the petrochemical industry as we know it. But for a long time, that message did not get out. One imagines that some recreational user, at some point, realized the dark truth about the international petrochemical conspiracy -Eureka!- only, promptly, to forget. It goes with the territory. And so, for a long time after Dr. Lowry's fateful report, hemp made news only when it was cited as the cause of particularly grisly murders. The only Americans who experienced its wonders firsthand were bongo players, beatniks, and jazz freaks. Then, of course, came the Great Awakening. Acapulco Gold, Colombian Black, Thai Stick, Hawaiian. Chamber pipes, chillums, and Riz Abadie rolling paper. What magic those words held. Clouds of joy. Buy a triple-beam scale and smoke the profits! Plastics was no suitable career for a young man, but plastic made an excellent bong. High Times was lanuched in 1974, the brainchild of a longhair named Tom Forcade. Forcade had grown up in Arizona and, according to his mom, was "very sensitive, shy, and patriotic -a good Boy Scout and Explorer." buy that was before he lost interest in hot rods and started sucking down everything one could possibly suck down -from vanilla extract (six bottles a day) to absinthe (homemade). But mostly he was into pot, both as a user and as a dealer. To sell it, he set up smoke-easis: go to his loft, knock on the door once, twice, three times, and you'd be led to a room where you could sample a number of different strains, take your pick, pay up, and split. Dressed in his stovepipe jeans, toad-sticker boots, and floppy hat -either in that or a three-piece suit or as a priest, with a cleric's collar- he considered himself not so much a hippie as an outlaw. "People talk about peace," he used to say. "I'm not into peace. I don't want peace. I want life. I associate peace with graveyards. I associate peace with stagnation." Life to Forcade meant being on intimate terms with airplanes, which he flew to Colombia on pot-smuggling operations, and guns. "He knew munitions," recalls an early writer. Says another, "He wasn't afraid to carry a gun -or use it." For a while he covered his house's windows with barbed wire. When asked why, he would reply, "Did you notice the charred marks on the house when you came in? Someone threw a bomb." Forcade was, along with Abbie Hoffman, one of the original yippies. But unlike Abbie, Forcade thought that the yippies' antiwar demonstrations should involve serious mayhem; eventually he split from the main group and formed his own -the Zippies, ZIP standing for Zeitgeist International Party. Abbie immediately denounced Forcade as a "maniac" and began spreading rumors that he was a stoolie. At the same time, Forcade headed the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS), the counterculture's version of the Associated Press. His headquarters was the basement of a building on West Tenth Street in New York -actually, a warren of basements all connected like catacombs. Forcade's friends were people like Leonard Crow Dog, who was his bodyguard and beat up anybody who ripped him off. Forcade had a vision of how, if pot were legal, he and his friends could exist in a world that would be self-sustaining. They would sit around and smoke lots of dope, of course. But they would also be able to have careers. In advertising, for instance, coming up with campaigns to promote Acapulco Gold. Or in the head-shop business, hawking roach clips and bongs. Says Rex Weiner, one of the magazine's founding members, "It was the idea of having a world to live in where you wouldn't have to deal with the other world." Thus was High times created, to glorify pot and to be the driving force in the campaign for its legalization, which would then lead to the formation of a new nation populated by the 25 million Americans who were smoking dope. High Times's circulation jumped form 25,000 to 300,000 in two years. It ran articles with titles such as "I Was JFK's Dealer" and "Golden Days of Coca Wine." It featured sections that remain today, among them "Highwitness News" and "Trans-High Market Quotations," a rundown of pot prices that includes evaluations of what you get for your money. ("Iowa City, IA: Mexican, 'Lamb's Breath, tight buds, super high.'1/4oz., $35-$40; oz., $150-$160.") The magazine had bureaus in Southeast Asia, South America, India, and Europe. In the New York office, drugs were commonplace. "On Fridays -paydays- the dope dealers would come around, and everybody would sample their wares," says Weiner. And at parties, people would slither around with balloons filled with nitrous oxide. But not everyone was necessarily at the parties to have a good time. One High Times employee turned out to be an undercover cop. A friend turned out to be an informer for the Feds. History has not recorded whether or not there were black vans involved in this harassment, but Tom Forcade did not react with sangfroid. Legend has it that Forcade tried to shut the magazine down, going after the switchbaord with an ax and chasing people around the office. But by then the magazine had taken on a life of its own. "The momentum of it could not be stopped. He had created a monster, and it just kept going," recalls Weiner. Forcade cast about for a new wave to ride. He got involved in punk and make D.O.A., a documentary about the Sex Pistols' American tour. The Pistols thought he might be CIA. In 1978 he flew to L.A. to try to interest Hollywood in a movie project called Cocaine Cowboys, which starred Andy Warhol and Jack Palance. No one would distribute it. All Hollywood wanted was more of Forcade's nose candy. After a whil Forcade began to realize that his vision of Pot World was a pipe dream. The '70s were coming to an end, and efforts to legalize pot were going nowhere. "The big changes we had worked for, believed in, and hoped for were obviously being derailed, stomped on, and insulted," recalls one friend. On November 19, 1978, Tom Forcade shot himself. Following Forcade's death, the magazine floundered. For a While it tried to expand its audience by going general interest and suggesting that people get high on more than drugs -on love, for instance, and by climbing mountains and snorkeling. By the mid-'80s cocaine stories were a mainstay, tattoos a favored pictorial element. It had become a magazine without a soul. Outside, now, in midtown Manhattan, drones the dull, incessant thrum of engines sucking on petroleum products for dear life. Up Park Avenue comes a motorcycle. The rider is dressed in black leathers, head to toe. Years earlier this might have been Forcade. But today it is Steve Hager, who has brought High Times out of the wilderness and made pot, once again, its central focus. Hager is sitting in his office. The leathers are off, and he is speaking of how he ended up where he is today. He grew up in the heartland, amid amber waves of...hemp. "Hemp grows all over in Illinois," Hager says. "It was impossible to grow up in Champaign County and not be aware of it. It was everywhere." Bad shit, though -"ditch weed"- which Hager first smoked when he was fifteen. "I didn't really get anything out of it, except the thrill of knowing it was against the law." ******* For FREE recorded information on how hemp can save the world, use a touch tone phone to call 303/470-1100 Hemp Information Hotline ******* zzz DRUG LAWS KILL A Libertarian Outlook by Gerald Schneider, Ph.D. Bad as drug use can be, government laws to prevent drug use are worse! More people die and are maimed because of drug laws than from the drugs themselves. Drug laws can turn what may be a personal tragedy into a criminal catastrophe. Both drug users and drug haters would be better off if drug use were decriminalized. The intellectual establishment already knows that drug laws do not work and are counterproductive. Popular culture figures ranging from William F. Buckley, Jr. to _Bloom County_ cartoonist Berke Breathed have denounced drug laws openly. But the public still misunderstands. Democratic and Republican candidates have exploited public apprehension about drugs to get votes. These politicos promote the fiction that drug laws help and more drug laws would help more. They all stand guilty of fostering public hysteria about drugs. In contrast, Ron Paul, the 1988 Libertarian Party Presiden- tial candidate, opposes drug laws. He is supported by a few brave politicians such as Baltimore Mayor Kurt L. Schmoke. More politicians would join with them if they did not fear public censure. Drug Laws Breed Crime Crime syndicates prosper from illegal drugs today just as bootleggers enriched themselves thanks to prohibition in the 1930s. High illegal drug prices attract and sustain criminals, while addicts murder and rob for money to buy drugs. In contrast, legalized drugs would sell at prices low enough to discourage professional criminal entrepreneurs. Addicts would not have to steal to pay for drugs to support their habits. For example, the legalized price of heroin necessary to maintain an addict would be about $1.50 per day. With the end of drug laws, murder would drop 70%, burglary 60%. Cities would be much safer. Police would be freer to focus on real crimes. Courts and jails would become uncrowded, ensuring swifter justice and less need, if any, to build new prisons. Government officials--foreign and domestic--would no longer be corrupted by large sums of drug money. Legal Drugs Safer History proves that regardless of health risks, drug users will be drug users. Alcoholism is considered a disease, not a crime. Why should this be less true for drug use? Better to depend on education, counseling, and voluntary treatment to curb addiction than to turn addicts into criminals. Coping with living is tough enough for addicts. Why saddle them with the added burden of finding safe and affordable drugs? Illegal drugs sold on the street are of unknown quality and, like "bathtub gin" during prohibition, can harm and kill users. Legal drugs would be sold over the counter in drug stores where safety and cost could be judged. Children especially need to be protected from bad drugs. Drug vending should not be left to strangers in school yards and on playgrounds. Legalized drugs would put most street drug peddlers out of business. Legal drugs obtained by children would at least be safer, even if these drugs are considered undesirable by parents. A Double Standard For what it is worth, legal drugs--alcohol and nicotine (in cigarettes)--kill thousands more people than illegal drugs do. For example, in 1984 (the latest year for which complete data is available), illegal drugs killed 3,500 people. In that same year, there were 150,000 alcohol-related deaths and 350,000 tobacco-related deaths! Beware of the contrived "war on drugs." Self destruction through drug abuse of any kind should be discouraged by responsible people. But keeping drugs illegal does not help, and, as facts show, only makes matters worse. Reprinted from THE WHEATON NEWS of Wheaton, Maryland, May 12, 1988. For a one year subscription to Mr. Schneider's biweekly "Libertarian Outlook" column, send $15 to: Gerald Schneider, 8750 Georgia Ave., Suite 1410-B, Silver Spring, MD 20910. Copyright 1988 Gerald Schneider, Ph.D. (This is the text of one of a series of eight topical Libertarian outreach leaflets produced by the Libertarian Party of Skagit County, WA. The leaflets have a panel with National LP member- ship information, with a space for other LP groups to stamp their own address and phone number. Samples and a bulk price list/ order form are available from: Libertarian Party of Skagit County, P.O. Box 512, Anacortes, WA 98221.) extracted from: THE HERB BOOK The most complete catalog of nature's miracle plants" ever published. by John Lust THE HERB BOOK has been called "The Natural Remedy Bible"...Crammed full of case histories, herbal formulas, full, yet concise descriptions of herbs, their properties and uses, the majority of them illustrated, THE HERB BOOK explains in easy-to-understand language how you may use Nature's gentle medicines to build a livelier, healthier, happier life! listed as a treatment for: Cannabis; alcoholism, asthma, boredom, childbirth easing, cough, cramps, genito-urinary ailments (disinfects the urine -useful for venereal diseases.), headache (migrane included), inflammation, insomnia, neuralgia... Hemp agrimony; bruises, constipation, fever, wounds, gall bladder, liver, rheumatism... Hemp nettle; bronchitis, gastroenteritis, lungs (suitable for supplementary followup treatment of tuberculosis)... CANNABIS (Cannabis sativa) Common Names: Marijuana, pot, bhang, grass, Indian hemp, marihuana, weed... Medicinal Part: Flowering tops. Descritpion: Cannabis is an herbaceous annual plant found growing wild and also cultivated in warm climates. It can be found to some extent everywhere in the U.S., especially in the central and midwestern states. The rough, angular, branched stems reach a height of 3 to 10 feet and bear opposite (or alternate near the top), palmate leaves with 5 to 7 narrow, lanceolate, coarsely serrate, pointed leaflets. The flowers are small and green, the male growing on one plant in axillary panicles, the female on another in spike-like clusters from August to October. The fruit is a small, ash-colored achene. Properties and Uses: Although the current interest in cannabis centers on its euphorigenic properties, the plant has in the past also shown much promise as a medicinal agent. One researcher's catalog of past uses includes: analgesic-hypnotic, topical anesthetic, antiasthmatic, antibiotic, antiepileptic and antispasmodic, antidepressant and tranquilizer, antitussive, appetite stimulant, oxyticic, preventive and anodyne for neuralgia (inculuding migraine), aid to psychotherapy, and agent to ease withdrawal from alcohol and opiates. Restrictions placed on cannabis in the U.S. since 1937 have practically eliminated its use as a medicinal agent, and even research into its properties was practically nonexistent until the last few years. Its medical history suggests that cannabis has only low toxicity (no confirmed deaths have been attributed to cannabis poisoning), but it also indicates that cannabis drugs are unstable and of variable potency. The euphorigenic substances of cannabis, isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are found particularly in resins contained in the upper leaves and the bracts of the female flowers. Preparation and Dosage: Not recommended for use without medical direction. Plants grown in dry, sandy soil are the most active medicinally. HEMP AGRIMONY (Eupatorium Cannabinum) Common Names: Sweet-smelling trefoil, water maudlin. Medicinal Part: The plant. Description: Hemp agrimony is a European perennial plant which grows along shorelines, in ditches, and in other moist places. The reddish, bluntly angular stem is the top. The short-petioled leaves are oposite, dark green on top, gray-green below, and palmately three- to five-parted, with lanceolate, serrate leaflets. The reddish flowers grow in compound terminal cymes from July to September. Properties and Uses: Cholagogue, diaphoretic, diuretic, emetic, expectorant, pugative. An infusion of the leaves is helpful for liver problems and is also recommended for rheumatism. A decoction of the rootstock is used as an expectorant; in large doses it acts as a laxative and emetic. Hemp agrimony can also be applied externally to wounds, bruises, sores, swellings, etc. Preparation and Dosage: Infusion: Steep 2 tsp. leaves or herb in 1 cup water. Take 1 cup a day. Cold Extract: Soak 1 tbsp. leaves or herb in 1 cup cold water for 8 to 10 hours. Take 1 cup a day. HEMP NETTLE (Galeoopsis tetrahit) Common Names: Bastard hemp, bee-nettle, dog-nettle, hemp dead nettle. Medicinal part: The herb. Description: Hemp hettle is an annual weed found in gardens and waste places all over Canada, in Alaska, and from the Great Lakes south to West Virginia. The square, branching stem is swollen at the joints and covered with bristly, downward-pointing hairs. The opposite, ovate, coarsely toothed leaves are from 2 to 5 inches long and bristly on both sides. Dense, whorled, terminal or axillary clusters of pale magenta, two-lipped flowers with bell-shaped, spiny calyxes appear from June to October. Properties and Uses: Astringent, diuretic, expectorant. Hemp nettle is particularly good for clearing up bronchial congestion and phlegm and is commonly used for coughs. It seems to have a beneficial effect on the blood and has been recommended for anemia and other blood disorders. Europeans also use it as a home remedy for spleen problems and tuberculosis. Preparation and Dosage: Use the dried herb. Infusion: Steep 2 tsp. dried herb in 1/2 cup water for 5 to 10 minutes. Take 1 to 1 1/2 cups a day. Decoction: Boil 2 to 4 tsp. dried herb in 1 cup water for 10 minutes. Take 1 cup a day. HERBAL MIXTURES FORMULAS FOR HEALTH Chest and Lung Problems- Knotgrass Shave grass Hemp nettle Primrose flower Boil equal parts of knotgrass and shave grass lightly, then steep equal parts of hemp nettle and primrose flowers in the decoction for 5 minutes. Add 1 tsp. honey per cup. Take 1 to 1 1/2 cups a day, in mouthful doses. Shave grass Witch grass Hemp nettle Mix in equal parts. Add 1 heaping tsp. to 1/2 cup cold water. Bring to a boil, boil for 1 minute, then steep for 1 minute and strain. Take 1 to 1 1/2 cuups a day, in mouthful doses, sweetened with 2 tsp. honey per cup if desired. HEMP (CANNABIS) Legend and Lore Thought to have originated in the area just north of the Himalaya mountains, the hemp plant was used by the Chinese to produce fiber as early as 2800 B.C. By 500 A.D. the plant had spread to Europe, and eventually it was brought to the New World by the explorers. Now it is a common plant found wild or cultivated over much of the world. The mind-affecting properites of hemp have also been known since antiquity. According to the Greek historian Heroditus (fifth century B.C.), the ancient Scythians and Thracians got high on the fumes of the roasted seeds. Because of their effects on the mind, hemp drugs are outlawed or restricted in most countries of the world; but the demand for them is more than sufficient to maintain considerable illegal world traffic. Hemp drugs are prepared in three main grades: bhang, ganja, and charras. Bhang, the least potent and cheapest form, consists basically of the dried leaves and flowering tops of male and female hemp plants. The marijuana used in the United States is comparable to bhang in quality and potency. Ganja, a more potent preparation, consists of a mixture of resin and plant parts from the flowering tops of female plants. Charras, the most potent and expensive grade, consists of pure resin from the female flowers of plants grown at high altitudes. Within the three main grades are further graduations of quality, depending on the actual method of preparation. Hashish, for example, is an inferior grade of charras. The word assassin is generally linked with hashish through the Arabic word hashshashin or hashishin (meaning "hashish eaters"), a term applied to a class of followers of a Persian secret society active from the eleventh to the thirteenth century A.D. Assassination of enemies, the predominant feature of the sect, was carried out by the hashishin under the influence of a drug, presumably hashish. However, both the identification of hashish with the drug involved and the validity of the etymology of assassin have been challenged as inaccurate. A definitve resolution of the question is of some importance, since the story of the Persian assasssins provides one of the main arguments for those who associate marijuana with crime. Transcript of the Original USDA Film: HEMP FOR VICTORY -1942- Long ago when these acient Grecian temples were new, hemp was already old in the service of mankind. For thousands of years, even then, this plant had been grown for cordage and cloth in China and elsewhere in the East. For centuries prior to about 1850 all the ships that sailed the western seas were rigged with hempen rope and sails. For the sailor, no less than the hangman, hemp was indispensable. A 44-gun frigate like our cherished Old Ironsides took over 60 tons of hemp for rigging, including an anchor cable 25 inches in circumferance. The Conestoga wagons and prarie schooners of pioneer days were covered with hemp canvas. Indeed the very word canvas comes from the Arabic word for hemp. In those days hemp was an important crop in Kentucky and Missouri. Then came cheaper imported fibers for cordage, like jute, sisal and Manila hemp, and the culture of hemp in America declined. But now with Philippine and East Indian sources of hemp in the hands of the Japanese, and shipment of jute from India curtailed, American hemp must meet the needs of our Army and Navy as well as of our industry. In 1942, patriotic farmers at the government's request planted 36,000 acres of seed hemp, an increase of several thousand percent. The goal for 1943 is 50,000 acres of seed hemp. In Kentucky much of the seed hemp acreage is on river bottom land such as this. Some of these fields are inaccessible except by boat. Thus plans are afoot for a great expansion of a hemp industry as a part of the war program. This film is designed to tell farmers how to handle this ancient crop now little known outside Kentucky and Wisconsin. This is hemp seed. Be careful how you use it. For to grow hemp legally you must have a federal registration and tax stamp. This is provided for in your contract. Ask your county agent about it. Don't forget. Hemp demands a rich, well-drained soil such as is found here in the Blue Grass region of Kentucky or in central Wisconsin. It must be loose and rich in organic matter. Poor soils won't do. Soil that will grow good corn will usually grow hemp. Hemp is not hard on the soil. In Kentucky it has been grown for several years on the same ground, though this practice is not recommended. A dense and shady crop, hemp tends to choke out weeds. Here's a Canada thistle that couldn't stand the competititon, dead as a dodo. Thus hemp leaves the ground in good condition for the following crop. For fiber, hemp should be sewn closely, the closer the rows, the better. These rows are spaced about four inches. This hemp has been broadcast. Either way it should be sewn thick enough to grow a slender stalk. Here's an ideal stand: the right height to be harvested easily, thick enough to grow slender stalks that are easy to cut and process. Stalks like these here on the left yield the most fiber and the best. Those on the right are too coarse and woody. For seed, hemp is planted in hills like corn. Sometimes by hand. Hemp is a dioecious plant. The female flower is inconspicuous. But the male flower is easily spotted. In seed production after the pollen has been shed, these male plants are cut out. These are the seeds on a female plant. Hemp for fiber is ready to harvest when the pollen is shedding and the leaves are falling. In Kentucky, hemp harvest comes in August. Here the old standby has been the self-rake reaper, which has been used for a generation or more. Hemp grows so luxuriantly in Kentucky that harvesting is sometimes difficult, which may account for the popularity of the self-rake with its lateral stroke. A modified rice binder has been used to some extent. This machine works well on average hemp. Recently, the improved hemp harvester, used for many years in Wisconsin, has been introduced in Kentucky. This machine spreads the hemp in a continuous swath. It is a far cry form this fast and efficient modern harvester, that doesn't stall in the heaviest hemp. In Kentucky, hand cutting is practicing in opening fields for the machine. In Kentucky, hemp is shucked as soon as safe, after cutting, to be spread out for retting later in the fall. In Wisconsin, hemp is harvested in September. Here the hemp harvester with automatic spreader is standard equipment. Note how smoothly the rotating apron lays the swaths preparatory to retting. Here it is a common and essential practice to leave headlands around hemp fields. Theses strips may be planted with other corps, preferably small grain. Thus the harvester has room to make its first round without preparatory hand cutting. The other machine is running over corn stubble. When the cutter bar is much shorter than the hemp is tall, overlapping occurs. Not so good for retting. The standard cut is eitght ot nine feet. The length of time hemp is left on the ground to ret depends on the weather. The swaths must be turned to get a uniform ret. When the woody core breaks away readily like this, the hemp is about ready to pick up and bind into bundles. Well-retted hemp is light to dark grey. The fiber tends to pull away from the stalks. The presence of stalks in the bough-string stage indicates that retting is well underway. When hemp is short or tangled or when the ground is too wet for machines, it's bound by hand. A wooden bucket is used. Twine will do for tying, but the hemp itself makes a good band. When conditions are favorable, the pickup binder is commonly used. The swaths should lie smooth and even with the stalks parallel. The picker won't work well in tangled hemp. After binding, hemp is shucked as soon as possible to stop further retting. In 1942, 14,000 acres of fiber hemp were harvested in the United States. The goal for the old stanby cordage fiber, is staging a strong comeback. This is Kentucky hemp going into the dryer over mill at Versailes. In the old days braking was done by hand. One of the hardest jobs known to man. Now the power braker makes quick work of it. Spinning American hemp into rope yarn or twine in the old Kentucky river mill at Frankfort, Kentucky. Another pioneer plant that has been making cordage for more than a century. All such plants will presently be turning out products spun from American-grown hemp: twine of various kinds for tying and upholster's work; rope for marine rigging and towing; for hay forks, derricks, and heavy duty tackle; light duty firehose; thread for shoes for millions of American soldieers; and parachute webbing for our paratroopers. As for the United States Navy, every battleship requires 34,000 feet of rope. Here in the Boston Navy Yard, where cables for frigates were made long ago, crews are now working night and day making corage for the fleet. In the old days rope yarn was spun by hand. The rope yarn feeds through holes in an iron plate. This is Manila hemp from the Navy's rapidly dwindling reserves. When it is gone, American hemp will go on duty again: hemp for mooring ships; hemp for tow lines; hemp for tackle and gear; hemp for countless naval uses both on ship and shore. Just as in the days when Old Ironsides sailed the seas victorious with her hempen shrouds and hempen sails. Hemp for victory. extracted from Dictionary of American History Volume III Charles Scribner's Sons -New York 1976- page 271 HEMP. Although England early sought hemp from the colonies to rig its sailing ships, and the British government and colonial legislatures tried to encourage its production by bounties, it never became an important export crop. But the virgin clearings and moderate climate of America invited its cultivation in a small way. Hemp patches were attached to many colonial homesteads, hemp and tow cloth were familiar household manufactures, and local cordage supplied colonial shipyards. After the Revolution, when settlers began to develop the rich Ohio Valley bottomlands, hemp became a staple crop in Kentucky. Mills for manufacturing it were erected at Lexington and elsewhere, and hemp cordage and bale cloth were used to pack the pioneer cotton crops of the Southwest. Output reached a maximum about 1860, when some 74,000 tons were raised in the United States, of which Kentucky produced 40,000 tons and Missouri 20,000 tons. Therafter the advent of the steamship, the substitution of steel for hemp cordage, and the introduction of artificial fibers lessened demand. The U.S. production of hemp for fiber ceased shortly after World War II. [Brent Moore, The Hemp Industry in Kentucky.] Victor S. Clark For more information about hemp use a touch tone phone and dial 303/477-1100....punch in 411 for general recorded information....punch in 477 to hear a 10 minute recording of Hugh Downs' ABC 20-20 program on HEMP! Visit HEMPware, etc, 1090 S Wadsworth Unit D for legal, non-smoking hemp products....visit with Connie and learn the truth about hemp! The most common arguments against ending marijuana prohibition are as easy to refute as they are to summarize: 1.Marijuana alters consciousness. 2.We have so much trouble with alcohol, tobacco and bad driving; why make matters worse? 3.Ending prohibition will "send the wrong message." 4.Some people just can't cope with marijuana use. 5.Marijuana smokers have no motivation. 6.What about the children? Anyone who advocates hemp/marijuana reform will hear these statements time and again. But these engaging yet specious arguments cannot hold up to rational scrutiny. Let's look at them individually. 1."Marijuana alters consciousness." Granted; but how is that bad? People who argue against getting high on this natural herb often suggest getting "high on life" or "high on God". This says that getting high is not, in itself, wrong. The real issue is freedom of thought. Eating chocolate, drinking coffee, watching TV, drinking beer, smoking cigarettes, even prayer and meditation alter consciousness. Who gave prohibitionists the power to dictate to the rest of us what we can or cannot do for fun? Will they ban these pastimes one day, too? Neither the U.S. Constitution nor the Bible prohibits marijuana use. In fact, the Bible says God gave man "all" the seed bearing plants to use,and the Declaration of Independence specifically declares that we have a right to the "pursuit of happiness." But people who make certain choices are now persecuted for doing so. 2."We already ahve so much trouble with alcohol, tobacco and bad driving; why make matters worse?" If you think we have an aclcohol problem today, just remember the "Roaring Twenties", when competing liquor outlets used to send carloads of gangsters out with machine guns to settle their differences. The criminal violence caused by Prohibition (the 18th Ammendment) were so much worse than the effects of drinking that the American people soon voted in the 21st Amendment, and liquor was re-legalized. Society has since learned to cope with alcohol use, just as we have accepted marijuana use for thousands of years. People are quick to adapt, and most knowledgeable sources agree that marijuana smokers are generally peaceful, law-abiding people. In fact, they are often among the nices people you'll meet. Drinking can lead to reckless driving. You shouldn't drive when using common medicines like antihistamines, either. This is a matter of common sense and personal responsibility. No one should ever drive if they are not fully alert and capable of doing so Also affecting public safety, alcohol and tobacco carry health risks that marijuana does not have. Some 500,000 people a year die from using tobacco or alcohol, but not one single person ever died from smoking marijuana in all of history. In fact, cannabis has hundreds of proven medical uses. Society might set age limits on marijuana use, as we have for alcohol and tobacco, but it is criminal to have set prison terms. 3."Ending marijuana prohibition 'sends the wrong message'-that we condone drugs." Prohibition is not about sending messages: It's about sending people to jail. And prison cannot rehabilitate patriotic Americans who blieve that the marijuana law is unconstitutional and immoral. Marijuana is not a manufactured drug: It's a natural herb. Some people enjoy smoking it, others don't. It's just a matter of taste. A difference of opinion: And that's what democracy is all about. Experts predict that marijuana use will level off soon after prohibition ends and people will reduce their use of hard drugs. So, the real message of prohibition is this: Despite all the safeguards in the Constitution, petty tyrants still spread lies and take away the freedoms of others. If we want society to send the "right" message, we must do it through honest educational programs about personal freedom and responsibility. Ending prohibition will be the first part of that lesson. 4."Some people just can't cope with marijuana use." That's right: About 10% of Americans have addictive personalities and they should avoid marijuana. Each of us has the right to say "no" to marijuana: But the 90% of us who can control our appetites also have a right to say "yes", if we so desire. Let's not ruin our lives with hysterical laws that do nothing to solve the real problems facing society. 5."Marijuana smokers have no motivation." Blaming marijuana is just a cop out. The Beatles wrote many of their finest tunes while being quite open about smoking pot. Justice Douglas Ginsburg was nominated for the Supreme Court and many members of Congress, as well as successful professionals and working people have smoked marijuana. When a person loses motivation, there are usually many factors to consider. They need our understanding and help. Arresting them and putting them in prison does not solve these problems: It makes matters worse. Most people prefer to smoke marijuana for relaxation or creative inspiration during leisure hours-not when they have work to do. And if marijuana smokers are so unmotivated, how come it takes urine tests, blood samples and hair analysis to tell who smokes it? The simple fact is that most marijuana smokers are highly motivated and productive citizens. 6."What about the children?" An excellent question. What kind of world are we making for our children: One full of prisons, secret police and intrusive laws that encourage them to spy on their own parents. I say, let's build them a world that respects each individual while it educates them about the resposible use of freedom. This is precisely why we must repeal prohibition. Not only will it protect the rights and liberties that geneterations of Americans have fought and died for: Hemp will also provide our children with a healthy environment and a sustainable economy to live in. Throughout history, hemp has been a help to our human society. It now holds the key to our future. For further information, write to:H.elp E.liminate M.arijuana P.rohibition 5632 Van Nuys Blvd. Suite #210 Van Nuys, CA. 91401 or call:1-213-392-1806 In Colorado, use a touch tone phone to get FREE recorded information about hemp....call the Hemp Information Hotline at 303/470-1100...punch in ext 411 for general system info....punch in 477 to hear a ten minute recording of Hugh Downs' ABC 20/20 program on hemp....punch in 123 to hear a Colorado man with AIDS speak out about hemp! Visit Colorado's only hempery! HEMPware, etc 1090 S Wadsworth, Unit D...open Monday thru Saturday form 10 am to 6 pm...Public meetings held every first and third Saturday from 6 pm to 8 pm......reading room open to public! extracted from THE EMPEROR WEARS NO CLOTHES, by Jack Herer. fully revised, updated and re-documented edition, September 1990. Chapter Sixteen: THE OFFICIAL STORY Debunking "Gutter Science" After 15 days of taking testimony and more than a year's deliberation, DEA Administrative Law Judge Francis L. Young formally urged the DEA to allow doctors to prescribe marijuana in a September, 1988 judgement. He ruled: "The evidence in this record clearly shows that marijuana has been accepted as capable of relieving the distress of great numbers of very ill people, and doing so with safety under medical supervision....It would be unreasonable, arbitrary and capricious for DEA to continue to stand between those sufferers and the benefits of this substance in light of the evidence in this record. In strict medical terms, marijuana is far safer than many foods we commonly consume...marijuana in its natural form is one of the safest therapeutically active substances known to man." Yet, DEA Administrator John Lawn December 30, 1989 denied this action and continues to deprive people of medical cannabis, based on famous anti-marijuana studies like these: WASTING TIME, WASTING LIVES Over 90 years has passed since the 1894 British Raj study of marijuana smokers in India reported that cannabis use was harmless and even helpful. Numerous studies since have all agreed: The most prominent being Siler, LaGuardia, Nixon's Shafer Commission and the Canadian government's LeDain Commission. When asked in late 1989 about DEA administrator John Lawn's failure to implement his decision, Young responded that Lawn was being given time to comply. More than a year passed after the ruling quoted above when Lawn officially refused to reschedule marijuana, keeping it classed as a Schedule One dangerous drug with no known medical uses. This was a politically motivated action that contradicts the facts and inflicts needless suffering on helpless Americans. The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) and Family Council on Drug Awareness quickly demanded Lawn's resignation. What level of hypocrisy allows public officials to scoff at the facts and deny the truth? How do they rationalize their atrocities? GOVERNMENT DOUBLESPEAK Since 1976, our federal government (i.e. NIDA, NIH, DEA* and Action), police sponsored groups (like DARE*) and special interest groups (like PDFA*) have presented to the public, press and parent groups their "absolute evidence" of negative marijuana health studies. *National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Inst. of Health, Drug Enforcement Agency, Drug Abuse Resistance Education, Partnership for a Drug Free America. When U.S. government sponsored marijuana research prior to 1976 indicated that pot was harmless or beneficial, the methodology of how the studies were done was always presented in detail in the reports; e.g., read T he Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana (1976) and you will see exactly what the methodology of each medical study was. However, when our government bureaucrats deliberately sponsored negative marijauna research -time and time again Playboy magazine and/or NORML, High Times, etc. had to sue under the new Freedom of Information Act to find out the actual methods employed. DR. HEATH/TULANE STUDY, 1974 The Hype: Brain Damage in Dead Monkeys In 1974, California Governor Ronald Reagan was asked about decriminalizing marijuana. After producing the Heath/Tulane University study, the so-called "Great Communicator" told the national press, "The most reliable scientific sources say permanent brain damage is one of the inevitable results of the use of marijuana." (L.A. Times.) And ever since, dead brain cells found in monkeys who were forced to smoke marijuana has been given maximum scare play in federal booklets and government sponsored propaganda literature against pot. Reports of these studies have also been distributed by the hierarchy of drug rehabilitation professionals as part of their rationalization for wanting to get kids off pot, based on supposed scientific studies. This literature is generally given to parent groups, church organizations, etc., who react in horror and redistribute it further. Senator Eastland, of Mississippi, used the same Heath study to terrorize and stop our national legislators from supporting NORML's decriminalization bills in Congress (throughout the mid-1970s), mostly sponsored by Senator Jacob Javitts of New York. In the report, Heath concluded that Rhesus monkeys, smoking the equivalent of only 30 joints a day, began to atrophy and die after 90 days. Heath opened the brains of the dead monkeys, counted the dead brain cells, then took control monkeys who hadn't smoked marijuana, killed them, and counted their dead brain cells. The pot smoking monkeys had enormous amounts of dead brain cells as compared to the "straight" monkeys. Ronald Reagan's pronouncement was probably based on the fact that marijuana smoking was the only difference in the two sets of monkeys. Perhaps Reagan trusted the federal research to be real and correct, therefore reflecting a real health hazard to humans. Perhaps he had other motives. Whatever their reasons, this is what the government ballyhooed to press and PTA, who trusted the government completely. IN 1980, Playboy and NORML finally received for the first time -after six years of requests and suing the government- an accurate accounting of the research procedures used in the famous report: The Facts: Suffocation of Research Animals The Heath "Voodoo" Research methodology, as reported in Playboy: Rhesus monkeys were strapped into a chair and then strapped into gas masks and given the equivalent of 63 Columbian strength joints in "five minutes, thru the gas masks" losing no smoke. The monkeys were suffocating! When NORML/Playboy hired researchers to examine the reported results against the actual methodology, they laughed. They discovered, almost immediately, that Heath had completely (intentionally? incompetently?) omited, among other things, the carbon monoxide the monkeys inhaled during these intervals of 63 joints in five minutes... Carbon monoxide is a deadly gas that kills brain cells and is given off by any burning object. All researchers found the marijuana findings in Heath's experiment to be of no value, because carbon monoxide poisoning and other factors involved were totally left out of the report. Three to five minutes of oxygen deprivation causes brain damage, i.e. "dead brain cells" (Red Cross Lifesaving and Water Safety manual). The Heath Monkey study was actually a study in animal asphyxiation and carbon monoxide poisoning. Because of the smoke concentration, the monkeys were, in effect, a bit like a person running the engine of their car in a locked garage five, 10, 15, minutes at a time, every day! This Heath study and others (like Nahas' early 1970s studies) tried to show THC metabolites in humans, found in the fatty tissue of the brain, reproductive organs and other fatty areas of the body were related, in some way, to the dead brain cells in the pot smoking monkeys. LINGERING THC METABOLITES The Hype: Stays in Your System for 30 Days The government also claimed that since "THC metabolites" stay in the body's fatty cells for up to 30 days after ingestion, just one joint was very dangerous; inferring that the long range view of what these THC metabolites eventually could do to the human race could not even be guessed and other pseudo-scientific double-talk (e.g., phrases like: "might be," "could mean," "possibly," "perhaps," etc.)* * "May, might, could and possibly are not scientific conclusions." Dr. Fred Oerther, M.D., September 1986. The spurious results of Heath, Nahas and the pregnant mice and monkey studies at Temple University and UC Davis (where they injected mice with synthetic third-cousin analogues of THC) are now out of the body of scientific and medical literature. They are not used in scientific discourse, yet hundreds of DEA and pharmaceutical company sopnsored literature goes to parent groups, about the long term possible effects of these metabolites on the brain and reproduction. (Read the 1982 N.I.H.; the National Academy of Science's evaluation on past studies; and the Costa Rican report, 1980.) The Facts: Government's Own Experts Say That Metabolites Are Non-Toxic, Harmless Residue We interviewed three doctors of national reputation either currently working (or having worked) for the U.S. government on marijuana research: -Dr. Thomas Ungerlieder, M.D., UCLA, appointed by Richard Nixon in 1969 to the President's Select Committee on Marijuana, re-appointed by Ford, Carter and Reagan, and currently head of California's "Marijuana Medical Program;" -Dr. Donald Tashkin, UCLA, M.D., for the last 14 years the U.S. government's and the world's leading marijuana researcher on pulmonary functions; and -Dr. Tod Mikuriya, M.D., former national head of the U.S. government's marijuana research programs in the late 1960s. In effect, these doctors said that the active ingredients in THC are used-up in the first or second pass through the liver. The leftover THC metabolites then attach themselves, in a very normal way, to fatty deposits, for the body to dispose of later, and this is perfectly natural. Many chemicals form foods, herbs and medicines do this all the time in your body. Most are not dangerous and THC metabolites show less toxic* potential than virtually any metabolic leftovrs in your body of any known to man. *The U.S. government has also known since 1946 that the oral dose of cannabis required to kill a mouse has been found to be about 40,000 times the dose required to produce typical symptoms of intoxication. (Mikuriya, Tod, Marijuana Papers, 1976; Loewe, journal of Pharmacological and Experimental Therapeutics, October, 1946.) THC metabolites, left in the body, can be compared to the ash of a cigarette. They are the inert ingredient left-over after the active cannabinoids have been metabolized by the body. These inert metabolites are what urinary analysis studies show when taken to discharge military or factory or athletic personnel for using, or being in the presence of cannabis within the last 30 days. LUNG DAMAGE STUDIES The Hype: More Dangerous Than Tobacco The Berkeley marijuana carcinogenic studies of the late 1970s concluded that "marijuana is one-and-a-half times more carcinogenic than tobacco." This is only true if you compare the smoke from the broad leaf of the tobacco to the broad leaf of the marijuana plant, which is how the government does it. The Facts: Not If You Smoke the Buds The marijuana flowers have one third or less carcinogenic tars as tobacco leaf, and virtually all the carcinogens can be removed by using a water pipe system. Our government omitted this information and its significance to the results of such studies when speaking to the press. In fact, it has been U.S. government policy to only compare leaf to leaf, even though it knows that 95% to 99% of marijuana smoked by Americans are the flowering tops (or buds) of the female plant. Marijuana leaf sells for $20 to $100 per ounce on the street but "buds" from the same plant will often sell for around $200 per ounce. Yet even the most naive marijuana smoker prefers a gram of bud to an ounce of leaf. Yet this difference in tar comparisons with tobacco leaf carcinogens gives a totally false interpretation in the public mind of marijuana smoking verses tobacco smoking and the carcinogenic properties of each. Also a tobacco smoker will smoke 20 to 60 cigarettes a day, where a heavy marijuana smoker may smoke five to seven joints a day. The Hype: More Harmful Than Tobacco Marijuana has n ever caused a known case of lung cancer as of December, 1989, according to Dr. Donald Taskin of UCLA. In 1976, Dr. Tashkin sent a written report to Dr. Gabriel Nahas at the Rheims, France, Conference on Potential Cannabis Medical Dangers. The report Tashkin sent became the most sensationalized story to come out of this negative world conference on cannabis. This surprised Tashkin, who had sent the report to the Rheims conference as an afterhought. The Facts: Only in One of the 29 Areas of the Lungs -and Marijuana Even Helps Other Areas What Tashkin reported to the Rheims conference was that of 29 areas of the human lung (pulmonary) studied, one -the large air passageway- found marijuana 15 times more an irritant than tobacco. Afterwards, the U.S. government offered more money to fund ongoing marijuana/pulmonary studies (which they had de-funded two years earlier when Tashkin was getting encouraging therapeutic results with marijuana/lung studies), but limited the research to the large air passageway. However, Tashkin admits that tobacco has little effect on this area (the large air passage way) and marijuana has a positive or neutral effect in most other areas of the lung. (See chapter 7, "Therapeutic Uses of Cannabis.") He admits the biggest health risk in the lungs would be a person smoking 16 or more "large" spliffs a day of leaf/bud because of the hypoxia of too much smoke and not enough oxygen. Tashkin feels there is no danger for anyone to worry about potentiating emphysema "in any way" by the use of marijuana -totally the opposite of tobacco. The Single Most Important Fact: Not One Recorded Case of Lung Cancer Linked to Cannabis We have inerviewed Dr. Tashkin numerous times. In 1986 I asked him about an article he was preparing for submission to the New England Journal of Medicine, indicating that cannabis smoking caused as many or more pre-cancerous lesions as tobacco in 'equal' amounts. Most people do not realize, nor are the media told, that a pre-cancerous lesion is any tissue abnormality; abrasion, eruption, or redness. Unlike the radioactive lesions caused by tobacco, the THC-related lesions contain no radioactivity. We asked Tashkin how many people had gone on to get lung cancer in these studies -or any other studies of long-term smokers like Rastas, Coptics, etc.? Dr. Tashkin, sitting in his UCLA laboratory, looked at me and said, "Well, that's the strange part. So far no one we've studied has gone on to get lung cancer." "Was this reported to the press in the article?" Well, it's in the article," Dr. Tashkin said in passing, "but no one in the press even asked. They just assumed the worst." This excerpt represents almost four pages of chapter sixteen from THE EMPEROR WEARS NO CLOTHES, which contains 182 pages in all (with the second half of the book being a severe compact of size-reduced appendicies).For the authoritative historical record of the cannabis plant, hemp prohibition, and how marijuana can still save the world...write to: H.E.M.P.\ 5632 Van Nuys Blvd. #210\ Van Nuys, CA 91401\ 1-818-377-5886 In Colorado, call 303/470-1100...use touch tone phone...listen to/leave msgs...lots of info...punch in ext 477 to hear a 10 minute recording of Hugh Downs' ABC 20/20 program on HEMP!....punch in ext 123 to hear a Colorado man with AIDS speak out about HEMP! Also visit Colorado's ONLY hempery....HEMPware, etc, 1090 S Wadsworth, Lakewood...open monday thru saturday from 10 am to 8 pm. Lots of legal, non-smoking hemp products such as hemp clothing, cloth, hemp-seed oil, etc, as well as a reading room open to the public. The Libertarian Party asks: SHOULD WE RE-LEGALIZE DRUGS? * Should We Re-Legalize Drugs? Libertarians, like most Americans, demand to be safe at home and on the streets. Libertarians would like all Americans to be healthy and free of drug dependence. But drug laws don't help, they make things worse. The professional politicians scramble to make names for themselves as tough anti-drug warriors, while the experts agree that the "war on drugs" has been lost, and could never be won. The tragic victims of that war are your personal liberty and its companion, responsibility. It's time to consider the re-legalization of drugs. * The Lessons of Prohibition In the 1920's, alcohol was made illegal by Prohibition. The result: Organized Crime. Criminals jumped at the chance to supply the demand for liquor. The streets became battlegrounds. The criminals bought off law enforcement and judges. Adulterated booze blinded and killed people. Civil rights were trampled in the hopeless attempt to keep people from drinking. When the American people saw what Prohibition was doing to them, they supported its repeal. When they succeeded, most states legalized liquor and the criminal gangs were out of the liquor business. Today's war on drugs is a re-run of Prohibition. Approximately 40 million Americans are occasional, peaceful users of some illegal drug who are no threat to anyone. They are not going to stop. The laws don't, and can't, stop drug use. * Organized Crime Profits Whenever there is a great demand for a product and government makes it illegal, a black market always appears to supply the demand. The price of the product rises dramatically and the opportunity for huge profits is obvious. The criminal gangs love the situation, making millions. They kill other drug dealers, along with innocent people caught in the crossfire, to protect their territory. They corrupt police and courts. Pushers sell adulterated dope and experimental drugs, causing injury and death. And because drugs are illegal, their victims have no recourse. * Crime Increases Half the cost of law enforcement and prisons is squandered on drug related crime. Of all drug users, a relative few are addicts who commit crimes daily to supply artificially expensive habits. They are the robbers, car thieves and burglars who make our homes and streets unsafe. * An American Police State Civil liberties suffer. We are all "suspects", subject to random urine tests, highway check points and spying into our personal finances. Your property can be seized without trial, if the police merely claim you got it with drug profits. Doing business with cash makes you a suspect. America is becoming a police state because of the war on drugs. * America Can Handle Legal Drugs Today's illegal drugs were legal before 1914. Cocaine was even found in the original Coca-Cola recipe. Americans had few problems with cocaine, opium, heroin or marijuana. Drugs were inexpensive; crime was low. Most users handled their drug of choice and lived normal, productive lives. Addicts out of control were a tiny minority. The first laws prohibiting drugs were racist in origin -- to prevent Chinese laborers from using opium and to prevent blacks and Hispanics from using cocaine and marijuana. That was unjust and unfair, just as it is unjust and unfair to make criminals of peaceful drug users today. Some Americans will always use alcohol, tobacco, marijuana or other drugs. Most are not addicts, they are social drinkers or occasional users. Legal drugs would be inexpensive, so even addicts could support their habits with honest work, rather than by crime. Organized crime would be deprived of its profits. The police could return to protecting us from real criminals; and there would be room enough in existing prisons for them. * Try Personal Responsibility It's time to re-legalize drugs and let people take responsibility for themselves. Drug abuse is a tragedy and a sickness. Criminal laws only drive the problem underground and put money in the pockets of the criminal class. With drugs legal, compassionate people could do more to educate and rehabilitate drug users who seek help. Drugs should be legal. Individuals have the right to decide for themselves what to put in their bodies, so long as they take responsibility for their actions. From the Mayor of Baltimore, Kurt Schmoke, to conservative writer and TV personality, William F. Buckley, Jr., leading Americans are now calling for repeal of America's repressive and ineffective drug laws. The Libertarian Party urges you to join in this effort to make our streets safer and our liberties more secure. 800-682-1776 Libertarian Party 202-543-1988 1528 Pennsylvania Avenue SE Washington, DC 20003 extracted from HISTORIC DOCUMENTS OF 1982 of CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. --------------------------- MARIJUANA AND HEALTH REPORT February 26, 1982 --------------------------- A report entitled Marijuana and Health concluded that marijuana represented a potential health hazard that "justifies serious national concern." The study was conducted by the Institute of Medicine, an organization chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist experts to examine public health policy matters. Released February 26, the study was funded by a $454,000 federal grant from the National Institutes of Health. Begun at the request of Joseph A. Califano Jr. when he was secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare during the Carter administration, the report constituted the first thorough impartial report on the issues raised by the use of marijuana, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Surveys suggested that by the time of this study, about a quarter of the American population had tried marijuana and that half of all high school seniors used it with varying regularity. Its widespread use was of concern not only to members of the medical profession but also to local and federal authorities who increasingly had attempted to contain the drug culture surrounding marijuana by curbing paraphernalia traffic. (Court on "head shops," p.215) THE REPORT The report represented 15 months of research conducted by a panel of 22 scientists, chaired by Dr. Arnold S. Relman, editor of The New England Journal of Medicine. The panel consulted experts in each area of concern and reviewed all the existing literature on marijuana published since 1975 and relevant studies from before that time. The panel also accepted public comments, although Relman stated that little credence was given to personal testimonials and unverified claims. The report was unlikely to satisfy either strong supporters or opponents of the use of marijuana. "Our committee found the present truth of the matter to lie somewhere between the two extremes," said Relman, "so we give no comfort to those with strong positions on either side of the argument." While the panel found "disturbing" the mental phenomena associated with the drug and the possibilty that prolonged smoking would lead to lung cancer, it dismissed as "inconclusive" some highly publicized reports linking marijuana to possible chromosome breakage resulting in genetic damage, or a decrease in human fertility. The panel deplored the lack of available information and insufficient research on almost every topic explored. What made the study expecially difficult, members said, was that marijuana use had become widespread only in the last 10 to 20 years and long-term effects, such as lung cancer and psychiatric disorders, often take decades to develop and to detect. Difficulties in designing and executing good experiments, because marijuana was illegal and its smoke had a complex chemical make-up, provided another impeding factor in reaching conclusions. FINDINGS The report studied marijuana's effect on funtioning of the brain, heart, lungs, reproductive system and chromosome segregation during cell division, concluding that the drug had "possible adverse effects," but that further medical research was still necessary in each of these areas. Although the findings showed no evidence that the drug caused addiciton similar to narcotics, or that physical dependence had much to do with its pesistent use, a member of the panel, Dr. Charles P. O'Brien, psychiatrist at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, noted that chemicals found in marijuana, unlike those in alcohol, tended to persist in the brain for many hours after ingestion, a fact that he found "disturbing." The panel was cautious about attributing to marijuana the "amotivational syndrome," marked by apathy and lack of ambition among some users, and said it was impossible to know if the condition was the cause or the result of drug use. For similar reasons, the report was reluctant to say marijuana was a "stepping stone" to harder drugs. The report noted a suspected link between marijuana and cancer. Relman said, "We concluded that prolonged, heavy smoking of marijuana would probably lead to cancer of the lungs and to serious impairment of the pulmonary function." But he added that "so far there is no direct confirmation of this." The effects of marijuana on the lungs were compared with those of cigarettes. The connection between cigarette smoking and cancer was the subject of the U.S. surgeon general's 1982 report on smoking. (Surgeon general's report, p. 163) The National Institute of Medicine study also examined marijuana's alleged curative effects in the treatment of glaucoma, the control of the severe nausea and vomitting caused by cancer chemotherapy, astma, epileptic seizures, spastic disorders and other diseases of the nervous system. It determined that certain components of marijuana could be "helpful," though again more research for clearer medical evidence was deeemed necessary. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN REPORT Released two days prior to this report were the results of another study, based on a nationwide survey conducted by the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research under a contract with the National Institute on Drug Abuse. This report concluded that students used less marijuana in 1981 than in previous years. Overall use of drugs among students was very high; two-thirds of 17,000 high school seniors from the 130 private and public schools surveyed admitted to some use of an illicit drug. According to the study, marijuana still ranked as the most widely used of these drugs, with one out of 14 seniors smoking marijuana daily in 1981, as compared with one out of 11 in 1980 and one out of nine in 1979. Following is the text of the summary of Marijuana and Health, prepared by the Institute of Medicine and released February, 26, 1982. (Boldface headings in brackets have been added by Congressional Quarterly to highlight the organization of the text.): SUMMARY The Institute of Medicine (IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences has conducted a 15-month study of the health-related effects of marijuana, at the request of the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Director of the National Instiutes of Health. The IOM appointed a 22-member committee to: -analyze existing scientific evidence bearing on the possible hazards to the health and safety of users of marijuana; -analyze data concerning the possible therapeutic value and health benefits of marijuana; -assess federal research programs in marijuana; -identify promising new research directions, and make suggestions to improve the quality and usefulness of future research; and -draw conclusions from this review that would accurately assess the limits of present knowledge and thereby provide a factual, scientific basis for the development of future government policy. This assessment of knowledge of the health-related effects of marijuana is important and timely because marijuana is now the most widely used of all the illicit drugs available in the United Stats. In 1979, more than 50 million persons had tried it at least once. There has been a steep rise in its use during the past decade, particularly among adolescents and young adults, although there has been a leveling-off its overall use among high school seniors in the past 2 or 3 years and a small decline in the percentage of seniors who use it frequently. Although substantially more high school students have used alcohol than ever used marijuana, more high school seniors use marijuana on a daily or near-daily basis (9 pecent) than alcohol (6 percent). Much of the heavy use of marijuana, unlike alcohol, takes place in school, where effects on behavior, cognition, and psychomotor performance can be particularly disturbing. Unlike alcohol, which is rapidly metabolized and eliminated form the body, the psychoactive components of marijuana persist in the body for a long time. Similar to alcohol, continued use of marijuana may cause tolerance and dependence. For all these reasons, it is imperative that we have reliable and detailed information about the effects of marijuana use on health, both in the long and short term. What, then, did we learn from our review of the published scientific literature? Numerous acute effects have been described in animals, in isolated cells and tissues, and in studies of human volunteers; clinical and epidemiological observations also have been reported. This information is briefly summarized in the following prargraphs. [EFFECTS ON NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR] We can say with confidence that marijuana produces acute effects on the brain, including chemical and electrophysiological changes. Its most clearly established acute effects are on mental functions and behavior. With a severity directly related to dose, marijuana impairs motor coordingation and affect tracking ability and sensory and perceptual functions important for safe driving and the operation of other machines; it also impairs short-term memory and slows learning. Other acute effects include feeling of euphoria and other mood changes, but there also are disturbing mental phenomena, such as brief periods of anxiety, confusion, or psychosis. There is not yet any conclusive evidence as to whether prolonged use of marijuana causes permanent changes in the nervous system or sustained impairment of brain function and behavior in human beings. in a few unconfirmed studies in experimental animals, impairment of learning and changes in electical brain-wave recordings have been observed several months after the cessation of chronic administration of marijuana. In the judgement of the committee, widely cited studies purporting to demonstrate that marijuana affects the gross and microscopic sturcture of the human or monkey brain are not convincing; much more work is needed to settle this important point. Chronic relatively heavy use of marijuana is associated with behavioral dysfunction and mental disorders in human beings, but available evidence does not establish if marijuana use under these circumstances is a cause or a result of the mental condition. There are similar problems in interpreting the evidence linking the use om marijuana to subsequent use of ther illicit drugs, such as heroin or cocaine. Association does not prove a causal relation, and the use of marijuana may merely be symptomatic of an underlying dispositon to use psychoactie drugs rather than a "stepping stone" to involvememt with more dangerous substances. It is also dificult to sort out the relationship between use of marijuana and the complex symptoms known as the amotivational syndrome. Self-selection and effects of the drug are probably both contributing ot the motivational problems seen in some chronic users if marijuana. Thus, the long-term effects of marijuana on the human brain and on human behavior remaing to be defined. Although we have no convincing evidence thus far of any effects persisting in human beings after cessation of drug use, there may well be subtle but important physical and psychological consequences that have not been recognized. [EFFECTS ON THE HEART AND LUNGS] There is good evidence that the smoking of marijuana usually causes acute changes in the heart and circulation that are characteristic of stress, but there is no evidence to indicate that a permanently deleterious effect on the mormal cardiovascular system occurs. There is good evidence to show that marijuana increases the work of the heart, usually by raising heart rate and, in some persons, by raising blood pressure. This rise in workload poses a threat to patients with hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, and coronary atherosclerosis. Acute exposure to marijuana smoke generally elicits bronchodilation; chronic heavy smoking of marijuana causes inflammation and pre-neoplastic changes in the airways, similar to those produced by smoking of tobacco. Marijuana smoke is a complex mixture that not only has many chemical components (including carbon monoxide and "tar") and biological effects similar to those of tobacco smoke, but also some unique ingredients. This suggests the strong possibility that prolonged heavy smoking of marijuana, like tobacco, will lead to cancer to the respiratory tract and to serious impairment of lung function. Although there is evidence fo impaired lung function in chronic smokers, no direct confirmation of the likelihood of cancer has yet been provided, possibly because marijuana has been widely smoked in this country for only about 20 years, and data have not been collected systematically in other countries with a much longer history of heavy marijuana use. [EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTION] Although studies in animals have shown that Delta-9-THC (the major psychoactive constituent of marijuana) lowers the concentration in blood serum of pituitary hormones (gonadotropins) that control reproductive functions, it is not known if there is a direct effect on reproductive tissues. Delta-9-THC appears to have a modest reversible suppressive effect on sperm production in men, but there is no proof that it has a deleterious effect om male fertility. Effects on human female hormonal function have been reported, but the evidence is not convincing. However, there is convincing evidence that marijuana interferes with ovulation in female monkeys. No satisfactory studies of the relation between use of marijuana and female fertility and child-bearing have been carried out. Although Delta-9-THC is known to cross the placenta readily and to cause birth defects when administered in large doses to experimental animals, no adequate clinical studies have been carried out to determine if marijuana use can harm the human fetus. There is no conclusive evidence of teratogenicity in human offspring, but a slowly developing or low-level effect might be undetected by the studies done so far. The effects of marijuana on reproductive function and on the fetus are unclear; they may prove to be negligible,but further research to establish or rule out such effects would be of great importance. Extracts from marijuana smoke particulates ("tar") have been found to produce dose-related mutations in bacteria; however, Delta-9-THC, by itself, is not mutagenic. Marijuana and Delta-9-THC do not appear to break chromosomes, but marijuana may affect chromosome segregation during cell division, resulting in an abnormal number of chromosomes in daughter cells. Although these results are of concern, their clinical significance is unknown. [THE IMMUNE SYSTEM] Similar limitations exist in our understanding of the effects of marijuana on other body systems. For example, some studies of the immune system demonstrate a mild, immunosuppressant effect on human beings, but other studies show no effect. For FREE recorded information about HEMP, use your touch tone phone and dial 303/470-1100...punch in ext 411 for general Hemp Hotline Info...punch in 477 to hear a 10 minute recording of Hugh Downs ABC 20/20 program on hemp....punch 123 to hear a Colorado man with AIDS speak out about hemp at state capital rally. Visit Colorado's only hempery...HEMPware, etc., at 1090 S Wadsworth Unit D...outstanding legal, non-smoking hemp products! Reading room open to the public...Public meetings every 1st and 3rd Saturday from 6 pm to 8 pm.....store hours from 10 am to 8 pm Monday thru Saturday. [THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL] The committee also has examined the evidence on the therapeutic effects of marijuana in a variety of medical disorders. Preliminary studies suggest that marijuana and its derivatives or analogues might be useful in the treatment of the raised intraocular pressure of glaucoma, in the control of the severe nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy, and in the treatment of asthma. There also is some preliminary evidence that a marijuana constituent (cannabidiol) might be helpful in the treatment of certain types of epileptic seizures, as well as for spastic disorders and other nervous system diseases. But, in these and all other conditions, much more work is needed. Because marijuana and Delta-9-THC often produce troublesome psychotropic or cardiovascular side-effects that limit their therapeutic usefulness, particularly in older patients, the greatest therapeutic potential probably lies in the use of synthetic analogues of marijuana derivatives with higher ratios of therapeutic to undesirable effects. [MORE RESEARCH NEEDED] The explanation for all of these unanswered questions is insufficient research. We need to know much more about the metabolism of the various marijuana chemical compounds and their biological effects. This will require many more studies in animals, with particular emphasis on subhuman primates. Basic pharmacologic information obtained in animal experiments will ultimately have to be tested in clinical studies on human beings. Until 10 or 15 years ago, there was virtually no systematic, rigorously controlled research on the human health-related effects of marijuana and its major constituents. Even now, when standardized marijuana and pure synthetic cannabinoids are available for experimental studies, and good qualitative methods exist for the measuremnt of Delta-9-THC and its metabolites in body fluids, well-designed studies on human beings are relatively few. There are difficulties in studying the clinical effects of marijuana in human beings, particularly the effects of long-term use. And yet, without such studies the debate about the safety or hazard of marijuana will remain unresolved. Prospective cohort studies, as well as retrospective case-control studies, would be useful in identifying long-term behavioral and biological consequences of marijuana use. The federal investment in research on the health-related effects of marijuana has been small, both in relation to the expenditure on other illicit drugs and in absolute terms. The committee considers the research particularly inadequate when viewed in light of the extent of marijuana use in this country, expecially by young people. We believe ther should be a greater investment in research on marijuana, and that investigator-initiated research grants should be the primary vehicle of support. The committee considers all of the areas of research on marijuana that are supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse to be important, but we did not judge the appropriateness of the allocation of resources among those areas, other than to conclude that there should be increased emphasis on studies in human beings and other primates.... CONCLUSIONS The scientific evidence published to date indicates that marijuana has a broad range of psychological and biological effects, some of which, at least under certain conditions, are harmful to human health. Unfortunately, the available information does not tell us how serious this risk may be. Our major conclusion is that what little we know for certain about the effects of marijuana on human health -and all that we have reason to suspect- justifies serious national concern. Of no less concern is the extent of our ignorance about many of the most basic and important questions about the drug. Our major recommendation is that there be a greatly intensified and more comprehensive program of research into the effects of marijuana on the health of the American people.... [USE OF MARIJUANA IN THE U.S.] ...There has been a steep rise in the use of marijuana and other illicit drugs in the past decade. So far it is primarily a youth phenomenon. Since 1971 there has been at least a doubling of lifetime experience with marijuana in every cohort in the 12- to 24-year age group. Of all psychoactive drugs investigated (including inhalant, hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, stimulants, sedatives, and tranquilizers), marijuana is by far the most commonly used illicit drug. Legal drugs for adults, such as alcohol and tobacco, are the most widely used of all drugs among adolescents. Although substantially more students have ever used alcohol in their lifetime than have ever used marijuana, more high school seniors use marijuana on a "daily" basis (9 percent) than use alcohol that frequently (6 percent). "Daily" users report the use of marijuana in school, whereas daily use of alcohol tends to occur after school and on weedends. Some trends in use of marijuana are apparent. The continuing dramatic rise in the use of marijuana has recently slowed. It is too early to tell whether this decrease will continue or is merely a pause in the rise. The overall prevalence of use of marijuana has remained at approximately 60 percent of high school seniors for the years 1978, 1979, and 1980. Between 1975 and 1978 ther was an almost twofold increase in "daily" use of marijuana from 6 percent in 1975 to a peak rate of 11 percent in 1978. In 1980 the "daily" use rate of high school seniors dropped by 1.2 percentage points, or more than 10 percent. This may signal a reversal of the upward trend in daily use unless higher absenteeism and school drop-outs of daily users are significant factors in the decline. Multiple sources suggest that out-of-school age mates are heavier users than those in school. Other trends have not slowed. There was a continuing rise in 1980 of the proportion of high school seniors who during the year had used some illicit drug other than marijuana, from 28 percent in 1979 to 30 percent in 1980. Throughout the 1970s, as a correlate of continuing rise in prevalence rates, there was a trend toward younger ages of first use of all of these drugs. For marijuana this age trend continues but has slowed somewhat. In 1979, 23 percent of seniors who had used marijuana started their use in the eighth grade or below as compared to 25 percent in 1980. "Daily" use of mariuana in high school and in early adult life is very high and merits special attention. Drawing on data from M onitoring the Future, characteristics of "daily" users were described. For high school seniors the rate of "daily" marijuana use in 1980 was 9.1 percent. Such users have very high involvement with other drugs and begin their use of drugs at very early ages. "Daily" users are predominantly urban although rates do not vary by geographical regions of the country,whereas use among white students is double that for blacks. "Daily" use is only slightly higher in disrupted or single parent homes than in nuclear families, and use is associated with poor school achievement, absenteeism, and dropout. Non-college-bound students are twice as likely to be "daily" users as were students planning to attend college. Religious commitment and self-rating of strong belief in law-abiding behavior are associated with lower "daily" use rates. "Daily" users are involved in more automobile accidents and delinquency. Post-high shcool "daily" user rates are lowest among full-time college students and those living in a college dormitory. "Daily" use among non-college students was not related to joblessness, employment, or military service. Single persons are twice as likely as married persons to be "daily" users. Among the married, those with children had very low rates of "daily" use. The "daily" use habit has a remarkable stability. By 4 years after high school, 85 percent of "daily" using seniors in the class of 1975 were still using marijuana, with 51 percent of them continuing to be "daily" users. In these studies, students report reasons for using marijuana: to have a good time with friends, to get "high," to relieve boredom, to enhance the effects of other drugs, and to cope with stress. "Daily" users are deeply immersed in a drug-using circle of friends. Some "daily" users have discontinued their habit. Reasons given for stopping use of marijuana are loss of interest in getting "high," concern about harmful pyhsical or psychological effects, and concern about their loss of energy or ambition. More is know about the antecedents of using marijuana than is known about the consequences of using marijuana....Longitudinal studies have established that use of marijuana is preceded by acceptance of a cluster of beliefs and values that are favorable to use of marijauna and also by the adoption of deviant behaviors. The deviant psycho-social attributes of marijuana users that were described almost a decade ago, when use of mariuana was a rare evert, are just as characteristic of marijuana users tooday, when 60 percent of all high school seniors report some experience with the use of marijuana. Daily users show the extremes of these deviant behaviors but less deeeply involved users also exhibit some deviancy. Friendship patterns and peer influence play a uniquely powerful role in determining youthful marijuana use. Negative parental relationshoips do not appear to be associated as an antecedent to use of marijuana.... ================================================================= ========== For FREE recorded information about hemp call 303/470-1100 from your touch tone phone. zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz extracted from: DETAILS, April 1991. BEDTIME FOR BONG-O The DEA has laid siege to High Times, the official voice of pothead culture. Can its editor blow the lid off the cannabis conspiracy? by Erik Hedegaard. Who are the men in the black van, and why are they following Steve Hager? Hager used to stay in motels when he traveled. No longer. Because when he did, the men in the black van with the smoked windows would rent the room next to his and pretend to work on it. They would be dressed just like real workmen. The men would have drills. The men would occasionally pull the triggers of the drill. "What're you guys doing?", Hager would say to them. The men would say, "We're working." Steve Hager knows what the men in the van were working on. What they were working on was him. Hager is the editor of High Times magazine. You may know High Times. Then again, you may not, so deep has it been buried at the newsstands that still carry it. High Times is the magazine for the recreational drug user: Penthouse for potheads. The High Times centerfold is a double-page, Vaseline-lensed shot of an exotic bud of glorious, mind-blowing weed. The magazine features all manner of growing information as well as travelogues on Nepal, Jamaica, Hawaii -wherever mind-altering substances can be found. A relic, then. A dream of the '60s. Except that in Steve Hager's mind the counterculture is very much alive. Hager is sitting in his Manhattan office. He's wearing a pair of no-name sneakers, jeans, and a sleeveless, lime-green T-shirt. He's got real skinny arms, along which highways of veins run jaggedly haywire. Hager shrugs and looks around his office, down at the floor, up into the corners. "I haven't done a sweep," he says. "I just take it for granted that this place is bugged." A week or two ago, his apartment was broken into. A random bit of thievery, or something more purposeful? Who knows? The men in the black van never seem to take a day off. These are heady times to be a pothead. Across the United States, pot and all that it stands for are under attack. In October 1989 the DEA put Operation Green Merchant into action. High Times's advertisers have been mostly gardening-supply companies, and Hager thinks that the DEA figured that by putting the pressure on them it could also do something about High Times. So it raided the merchants and began busting people who did business with them. A guy named Bob , in Colorado, was one such person. Here, according to the newspaper Westword, is what happened to Bob. The DEA agents, hot on the drug tail, wedged their way into Bob's place, after which one of them went over to Bob's arthritic old Doberman, slicked out his pistol, and put the pistol to the pooch's face. "We can either do this the hard way or the easy way," the agent said to Bob. The dog lived. Bob saw the bracelets. Moreover, there is the little matter of the Feds down in New Orleans. Hager learned of their interest last May, when he was served with a subpoena to appear before a grand jury investigating the magazine for conspiracy to distribute drugs. This allegation was based on the fact that High Times had accepted ads from a Dutch company doing business in mail-order marijuana seeds. (High Times has since been dropped from the investigation.) All of this, of course, has had an effect on High Times. In recent months, it has lost many of its advertisers. Hager, it must be said, conducts himself in this troubled situation with a certain sangfroid. But even he needs something to calm his frazzled nerves. He takes a bite of toasted bagel with cream cheese. "I would say being around High Times definitely makes me smoke a lot more pot than if I wasn't around High Times," he says. "It just sort of comes with the territory." Hager's is the benign face of the post-coke, post-crack substance abuser of the '90s. He is quiet and sincere. He doesn't touch synthetic drugs, thinks cocaine is the Antichrist. Conversely, pot is so wholesome it's almost good for you. "Like after a hard day at work," he says, "you want to come back to you pad and relax. One of the most effective, least toxic ways to do that is to smoke a joint. It makes you a less aggressive, more mellow person." The country's young people, Hager thinks, are rediscovering this. "The last generation that came up was a bad one," he says. "But the next one, coming up now, the kids just entering college, I think, have a whole new counterculture spirit. A lot of them are smoking pot, but more importantly, a lot of them realize that pot isn't a dangerous thing." Mention the youth of America and marijuana in the same sentence and you immediately make enemies. But black vans? Why are they out to get Steve Hager? What makes Steve Hager so dangerous? Hager knows. Hager is thrashing around his office, looking for a journal from the 1930s, a report that was presented during the Agricultural Processing Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in New Brunswick, New Jersey, on Fegruary 26, 1937. Wide-eyed and unshaven, Hager is rummaging through overflowing files and digging his fingers into a pile of documents on a coffee table. The papers swirl away from him. Suddenly he's waving something: an analysis of the marijuana plant written by one George A. Lowry, entitled Flax and Hemp: From the Seed to the Loom. Hager flips into the heart of the document. "Let me show you real quickly what it says here about hemp," he says, and begins to read: "Hemp, the strongest of the vegetable fibers, gives the greatest production per acre and requires the least attention per acre. It not only requires no weeding but also kills off all the weeds and leaves the soil in splendid condition for the following crop." Also: "Floods and dust storms have given warnings against the destruction of timber. Possibly, the hitherto waste product of...hemp may yet meet a good part of that need, especially in the plastics field, which is growing by leaps and bounds." Hager drops the document on the coffee table and looks out a window that gives onto the city and its massive car-crammed streets. He shakes his head. He's a little grim now. "It was only a few weeks from the deliverance of this report," he says, "to the outlawing of hemp." That fact, to Hager, explains a lot -not only about why he's being hounded but also about who is doing the hounding. It all has to do with economics. In his estimation, the government is merely acting as the agent of a poweer even greater than itself, with "far-seeing eyes," that has "investigated possibilities of profits and long-term.. you know," and has come to the conclusion that High Times is a threat to the power's continuing existence and good fortune and that it must be driven out of existence- disappeared. Hager likes to say, "Hemp -pot- can be used in the manufacture of a whole range of products -plastics, fuel, fiber, food, medicines, even dynamite. These products, many of them, are currently made with petrochemicals, pollutants of the first water -so what Hager is proposing is that harmless hemp be used instead. He wants marijuana to be legalized, not only so the country can toke at will but also to save the country. Which is why the fellows in the black van have it in for Hager. Should he attract too many believerrs, there could be a ground swell of pro-hemp activism, which could lead to the overthrow of current laws regulating hemp, which could lead to hemp's replacing petrochemicals in the manufacture of any number of products. In other words, it could spell the demise of the petrochemical industry as we know it. But for a long time, that message did not get out. One imagines that some recreational user, at some point, realized the dark truth about the international petrochemical conspiracy -Eureka!- only, promptly, to forget. It goes with the territory. And so, for a long time after Dr. Lowry's fateful report, hemp made news only when it was cited as the cause of particularly grisly murders. The only Americans who experienced its wonders firsthand were bongo players, beatniks, and jazz freaks. Then, of course, came the Great Awakening. Acapulco Gold, Colombian Black, Thai Stick, Hawaiian. Chamber pipes, chillums, and Riz Abadie rolling paper. What magic those words held. Clouds of joy. Buy a triple-beam scale and smoke the profits! Plastics was no suitable career for a young man, but plastic made an excellent bong. High Times was lanuched in 1974, the brainchild of a longhair named Tom Forcade. Forcade had grown up in Arizona and, according to his mom, was "very sensitive, shy, and patriotic -a good Boy Scout and Explorer." buy that was before he lost interest in hot rods and started sucking down everything one could possibly suck down -from vanilla extract (six bottles a day) to absinthe (homemade). But mostly he was into pot, both as a user and as a dealer. To sell it, he set up smoke-easis: go to his loft, knock on the door once, twice, three times, and you'd be led to a room where you could sample a number of different strains, take your pick, pay up, and split. Dressed in his stovepipe jeans, toad-sticker boots, and floppy hat -either in that or a three-piece suit or as a priest, with a cleric's collar- he considered himself not so much a hippie as an outlaw. "People talk about peace," he used to say. "I'm not into peace. I don't want peace. I want life. I associate peace with graveyards. I associate peace with stagnation." Life to Forcade meant being on intimate terms with airplanes, which he flew to Colombia on pot-smuggling operations, and guns. "He knew munitions," recalls an early writer. Says another, "He wasn't afraid to carry a gun -or use it." For a while he covered his house's windows with barbed wire. When asked why, he would reply, "Did you notice the charred marks on the house when you came in? Someone threw a bomb." Forcade was, along with Abbie Hoffman, one of the original yippies. But unlike Abbie, Forcade thought that the yippies' antiwar demonstrations should involve serious mayhem; eventually he split from the main group and formed his own -the Zippies, ZIP standing for Zeitgeist International Party. Abbie immediately denounced Forcade as a "maniac" and began spreading rumors that he was a stoolie. At the same time, Forcade headed the Underground Press Syndicate (UPS), the counterculture's version of the Associated Press. His headquarters was the basement of a building on West Tenth Street in New York -actually, a warren of basements all connected like catacombs. Forcade's friends were people like Leonard Crow Dog, who was his bodyguard and beat up anybody who ripped him off. Forcade had a vision of how, if pot were legal, he and his friends could exist in a world that would be self-sustaining. They would sit around and smoke lots of dope, of course. But they would also be able to have careers. In advertising, for instance, coming up with campaigns to promote Acapulco Gold. Or in the head-shop business, hawking roach clips and bongs. Says Rex Weiner, one of the magazine's founding members, "It was the idea of having a world to live in where you wouldn't have to deal with the other world." Thus was High times created, to glorify pot and to be the driving force in the campaign for its legalization, which would then lead to the formation of a new nation populated by the 25 million Americans who were smoking dope. High Times's circulation jumped form 25,000 to 300,000 in two years. It ran articles with titles such as "I Was JFK's Dealer" and "Golden Days of Coca Wine." It featured sections that remain today, among them "Highwitness News" and "Trans-High Market Quotations," a rundown of pot prices that includes evaluations of what you get for your money. ("Iowa City, IA: Mexican, 'Lamb's Breath, tight buds, super high.'1/4oz., $35-$40; oz., $150-$160.") The magazine had bureaus in Southeast Asia, South America, India, and Europe. In the New York office, drugs were commonplace. "On Fridays -paydays- the dope dealers would come around, and everybody would sample their wares," says Weiner. And at parties, people would slither around with balloons filled with nitrous oxide. But not everyone was necessarily at the parties to have a good time. One High Times employee turned out to be an undercover cop. A friend turned out to be an informer for the Feds. History has not recorded whether or not there were black vans involved in this harassment, but Tom Forcade did not react with sangfroid. Legend has it that Forcade tried to shut the magazine down, going after the switchbaord with an ax and chasing people around the office. But by then the magazine had taken on a life of its own. "The momentum of it could not be stopped. He had created a monster, and it just kept going," recalls Weiner. Forcade cast about for a new wave to ride. He got involved in punk and make D.O.A., a documentary about the Sex Pistols' American tour. The Pistols thought he might be CIA. In 1978 he flew to L.A. to try to interest Hollywood in a movie project called Cocaine Cowboys, which starred Andy Warhol and Jack Palance. No one would distribute it. All Hollywood wanted was more of Forcade's nose candy. After a whil Forcade began to realize that his vision of Pot World was a pipe dream. The '70s were coming to an end, and efforts to legalize pot were going nowhere. "The big changes we had worked for, believed in, and hoped for were obviously being derailed, stomped on, and insulted," recalls one friend. On November 19, 1978, Tom Forcade shot himself. Following Forcade's death, the magazine floundered. For a While it tried to expand its audience by going general interest and suggesting that people get high on more than drugs -on love, for instance, and by climbing mountains and snorkeling. By the mid-'80s cocaine stories were a mainstay, tattoos a favored pictorial element. It had become a magazine without a soul. Outside, now, in midtown Manhattan, drones the dull, incessant thrum of engines sucking on petroleum products for dear life. Up Park Avenue comes a motorcycle. The rider is dressed in black leathers, head to toe. Years earlier this might have been Forcade. But today it is Steve Hager, who has brought High Times out of the wilderness and made pot, once again, its central focus. Hager is sitting in his office. The leathers are off, and he is speaking of how he ended up where he is today. He grew up in the heartland, amid amber waves of...hemp. "Hemp grows all over in Illinois," Hager says. "It was impossible to grow up in Champaign County and not be aware of it. It was everywhere." Bad shit, though -"ditch weed"- which Hager first smoked when he was fifteen. "I didn't really get anything out of it, except the thrill of knowing it was against the law." ******* For FREE recorded information on how hemp can save the world, use a touch tone phone to call 303/470-1100 Hemp Information Hotline ******* zzz 8 In the same year, Hager started an underground newspaper and developed contrary opinions. "We hated synthetics, we hated polyester, and we hated plastic. We didn't know why we hated it, but we knew we didn't like it. We didn't like the oil companies. We hated the war machinery." Then Hager was busted. He and some of his hippie friends were in a room, and one of his hippie friends sold a hit of acid to a state narcotics agent. "I didn't do it," says Hager. "I didn't sell it." Guilt by association was the basis of the charge. But Hager believes he would have been let go had the police not known his underground newspaper was being distributed in four high schools in central Illinois. The incident taught Hager a lesson. "It gave me, at a very young age, a look inside the the criminal-justice system," he says. "It was just being used to target people the government didn't like." Hager eventually beat the rap, however, in the meantime going to Sweden to avoid the draft, and went on to earn a graduate degree in journalism from the University of Illinois. A child of the '60s -a child, in a sense, of Forcade- he, of course, came to New York to find work. He batted around as a journalist and screenwriter, without mission, without purpose, until, in 1986, he arrived at High Times. Within a year he had decided that hemp could save the world. Within two years he had decided that he and the magazine were the DEA's number-one target. Not cocaine. Not crack. But High Times. "This is like mecca to some people," says Hager. "People would come from all over the country just to stand in the offic. I stopped it, though. You never know when some nut is going to walk in and try to blow us up." High Times is girded for war. There are threats all over. In Ann Arbor not too long ago, Hager stepped out of the shower to answer a knock on the door. The man at the door claimed he was a member of the Freedom Fighters, High Times's political arm, there to pick up a medal. But no sooner had Hager opened up than two more people came in, with a video camera. Imagine Steve Hager standing there, dripping wet, in his towel, trying to get them out of his room. "They looked like informers, scum," he says. "They looked like people you didn't want to associate with." Tom Forcade might have sent Leonard Crow Dog after them, or attacked them with an ax. Hager is a kinder, gentler pothead. There is none of Forcade's madness in him. He merely wants his message to be heard, to get the cannabis conspiracy out in the open. Hard proof? Hager frowns and looks out the window. "Things don't work that directly," he says. "The board of directors at DuPont doesn't sit around and go, 'Let's call up William Bennett and get this hemp thing under control.' It happens in a shadowy world of favors and business interests, and when they are done, they sort of, like, brush away all evidence that they were ever there." So Hager does not have evidence. But that isn't about to stop him. He's got history, logic, and certitude. He has a mission, and he will not be denied. In fact, Hager said he wouldn't have been that unhappy had High Times been indicted. He wants to tell his story. "It's going to be very embarrassing for them," he said, "because we are going to educate the jurors....All the major corporations of the world have an interlocking system and a network, and oil drives it. Oil drives the world economy and everything they make out of it. Oil is everything." The conspiracy goes all the way up, up to the presidency itself, and Hager knows how it works. "When Bush left the CIA he went ot sit on the board of directors at Eli Lilly, which is one of the largest pharmaceutical countries -uh, companies- in the world. Lilly is owned by the Quayle family, which also owns the Indianapolis Star newspaper. And the first thing Bush did when he became vice president was get special tax treatment for pharmaceutical companies producing in Puerto Rico. So Bush is connected with oil and pharmaceuticals all the way, and uh, uh, uh..." Hager's lips pucker. His eyes cross. He looks at his bagel and then out the window. The world waits, the youth of America wait, the men in the black van wait, for an answer. "I forgot where I was going with that," Hager says. "What was the question again?" ********* For FREE recorded information about how hemp can save the world, use a touch tone phone and call 303/470-1100 Hemp Information Hotline. ********* zzzz 101st Congress 2d Session H.R. 4079 To provide swift and certain punishment for criminals in order to deter violent crime and rid America of illegal drug use. ------------------------------------------------ IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES February 22, 1990 Mr. Gingrich (for himself, Mr. Armey, Mr. Hunter, Mr. Smith of New Hampshire, Mr. Hansen, Mr. Hiler, Mr. Ireland, Mr. Kyl, Mr. Barton of Texas, Mr. McEwen, Mr. Bliley, Mr. Condit, Mr. Weldon, Mr. Fields, Mr. Stearns, Mr. Schuette, Mr. Douglas, Mr. Livingston, Mr. Oxley, Ms. Ros-Lehtinen, Mr. Hancock, Mr. Schaefer, Mr. Bartlett, Mr. Shumway, Mr. Inhofe, Mr. Nielson of Utah, Mr. Donald Lukens, Mr. Paxon, Mr. Herger, Mr. Robinson, Mr. Lagomarsino, Mr. Sensenbrenner, Mr. James, Mr. Upton, Mr. Bilirakis, Mr. Ritter, Mr. Dornan of California, Mr. Baker, Mr. DeLay, Mr. Hyde, Mr. Grandy, Mr. Hefley, Mr. Coughlin, Mr. Craig, Mr. Shaw, Mr. Dreier of California, Mr. Solomon, and Mr. McCollum) introduce the following bill; which was referred jointly to the Committees on the Judiciary, Energy and Commerce, Public Works and Transportation, Education and Labor, and Armed Services ------------------------------------------------ A BILL To provide swift and certain punishment for criminals in order to deter violent crime and rid America of illegal drug use. _Be it enacted by the Senate and the House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,_ SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "National Drug and Crime Emergency Act". SEC. 2. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Sec. 1. Short title. Sec. 2. Table of contents. Sec. 3. Findings and declaration of a national drug and crime emergency. Sec. 4. Definitions. TITLE I--ELIMINATION OF CRIME WITHOUT PUNISHMENT Subtitle A--National Drug and Crime Emergency Policies Sec. 101. Judicial remedies for prison crowding. Sec. 102. Temporary prison facilities and expanded capacity. Sec. 103. Elimination of early release from prison. Subtitle B--Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences Without Release Sec. 111. Increased mandatory minimum sentences without release for criminals using firearms and other violent criminals. Sec. 112. Life imprisonment without release for criminals convicted a third time. Sec. 113. Longer prison sentences for those who sell illegal drugs to minors or for use of minors in drug trafficking activities. Sec. 114. Longer prison sentences for drug trafficking. Sec. 115. Mandatory penalties for illegal drug use in Federal prisons. Sec. 116. Deportation of criminal aliens. Sec. 117. Encouragement to States to adopt mandatory minimum prison sentences. Subtitle C--Mandatory Work Requirements for Prisoners, Withholding Federal Benefits, and Drug Testing of Prisoners Sec. 131. Mandatory work requirement for all prisoners. Sec. 132. Repeal of constraints on prison industries. Sec. 133. Employment of prisoners. Sec. 134. Withholding prisoners' Federal benefits to offset incarceration costs. Sec. 135. Drug testing of Federal prisoners. Sec. 136. Drug testing of State prisoners. Subtitle D--Judicial Reform To Protect the Innocent and Punish the Guilty Sec. 151. Good faith standards for gathering evidence. Sec. 152. Strom Thurmond habeas corpus reform initiative. Sec. 153. Proscription of use of drug profits. Sec. 154. Jurisdiction of special masters. Sec. 155. Sentencing patterns of Federal judges. TITLE II--ACHIEVING A DRUG-FREE AMERICA BY 1995 Sec. 201. Findings. Sec. 202. Payment of trial costs and mandatory minimum fines. Sec. 203. Withholding of unearned Federal benefits from drug traffickers and users who are not in prison. Sec. 204. Revocation of drug users' driver's licenses. Sec. 205. Accountability and performance of drug treatment facilities. Sec. 206. Drug-free schools. Sec. 207. Drug-free transportation. Sec. 208. Financial incentives and citizen involvement in the war against drugs. TITLE III--MISCELLANEOUS Sec. 301. Authorization of appropriations. Sec. 302. Severability. SEC. 3. FINDINGS AND DECLARATION OF NATIONAL DRUG AND CRIME EMERGENCY. (a) FINDINGS.--The Congress makes the following findings: (1) Next to preserving the national security, protecting the personal security of individual Americans, especially children, by enacting and enforcing laws against criminal behavior is the most important single function of government. (2) The criminal justice system in America is failing to achieve this basic objective of protecting the innocent and punishing the guilty. (3) Reform is needed to ensure that criminals are held accountable for their actions, that they receive swift and certain punishment commensurate with their crimes, and that the protection of innocent citizens takes priority over other objectives. (4) The principle of individual accountability should also dictate policies with respect to drug users. Users should face a high probability of apprehension and prosecution, and those found guilty should face absolutely certain measured response penalties. (5) According to the Uniform Crime Reports issued in 1989 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), violent crime known to law enforcement reached an unprecedented high in 1988. A violent crime occurred ever 20 seconds. (6) The Department of Justice estimates that 83 percent of Americans will be victimized by violent crime during their lifetime. (7) The Federal Bureau of Investigation reports that violent crime in America rose by 23 percent during the period 1984-1988. (8) The National Drug Control Strategy reports that in certain large cities more than 80 percent of the men arrested have tested positive for illegal drug use. (9) According to the Department of Justice, the total number of Federal and State prisoners grew by 90 percent from 1980 to 1988. The growth rate of the total prison population during the first 6 months of 1989 exceeded the largest annual increase ever recorded in 64 years of recordkeeping. The 6-month growth rate translates to a need of almost 1,800 additional prison beds per week. (10) In 1985, 19 States reported the early release of nearly 19,000 prisoners in an effort to control prison populations, according to the Bureau of Justice Statistics. (11) According to the United States Bureau of Justice Statistics, 63 percent of State inmates were rearrested for a serious crime within 3 years of their discharge from prison. (12) The criminal justice system is overloaded and does not deliver swift and certain penalties for violating the law. In America today, there exists crime without punishment. Such conditions imperil the public safety, jeopardize the rule of law and undermine the preservation of order in the community. (b) DECLARATION OF NATIONAL DRUG AND CRIME EMERGENCY.--(1) Guided by the principles that energized and sustained the mobilization for World War II, and in order to remove violent criminals from the streets and meet the extraordinary threat that is posed to the Nation by the use and trafficking of illegal drugs, the Congress declares the existence of a National Drug and Crime Emergency beginning on the date of enactment of this Act and ending on the date that is 5 years after the date of enactment of this Act. (2) During the National Drug and Crime Emergency declared in paragraph (1), it shall be the policy of the United States that-- (A) every person who is convicted in a Federal court of a crime of violence against a person or a drug trafficking felony (other than simple possession) shall be sentenced to and shall serve a full term of no less than 5 years' imprisonment without release; (B) prisoners may be housed in tents, and other temporary facilities may be utilized, consistent with security requirements; and (C) the Federal courts may limit or place a "cap" on the inmate population level of a Federal or State prison or jail only when an inmate proves that crowding has resulted in cruel and unusual punishment of the plaintiff inmate and no other remedy exists. SEC. 4. DEFINITIONS. For the purposes of this Act-- (1) the term "crime of violence against a person" means a Federal offense that is a felony and-- (A) has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person or property of another; or (B) that by its nature, involves a substantial risk that physical force against the person or property of another may be used in the course of committing the offense; and (C) for which a maximum term of imprisonment of 10 years or more is prescribed by law; and (2) the term "drug trafficking crime," (other than simple possession) means any felony punishable under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.), the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 951 et seq.) or the Maritime Drug Law Enforcement Act (46 U.S.C. App. 1901 et seq.), other than a felony constituting a simple possession of a controlled substance for which the maximum term of imprisonment of 10 years or more is prescribed by law. TITLE I--ELIMINATION OF CRIME WITHOUT PUNISHMENT Subtitle A--National Drug and Crime Emergency Policies SEC. 101. JUDICIAL REMEDIES FOR PRISON CROWDING. (a) PURPOSE.--The purpose of this section is to provide for reasonable and proper enforcement of the eighth amendment. (b) FINDINGS.--The Congress finds that-- (1) the Federal courts are unreasonably endangering the community by sweeping prison and jail cap orders as a remedy for detention conditions that they hold are in conflict with the eighth amendment; and (2) eighth amendment holdings frequently are unjustified because of the absence of a plaintiff inmate who has proven that detention conditions inflict cruel and unusual punishment of that inmate. (c) AMENDMENT OF TITLE 18, UNITED STATES CODE.--(1) Subchapter C of chapter 229 of part 2 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "Section 3626. Appropriate remedies with respect to prison crowding. "(a)(1) During the period of the National Drug and Crime Emergency, a Federal court shall not hold prison or jail crowding unconstitutional under the eighth amendment except to the extent that an individual plaintiff proves that the crowding causes the infliction of cruel and unusual punishment of that inmate. "(2) The relief in a case described in paragraph (1) shall extend no further than necessary to remove the conditions that are causing the cruel and unusual punishment of the plaintiff inmate. "(b)(1) A Federal court shall not place an inmate ceiling on any Federal, State, or local detention facility as an equitable remedial measure for conditions that violate the eighth amendment unless crowding itself is inflicting cruel and unusual punishment on individual prisoners. "(2) Federal judicial power to issue equitable relief other than that described in paragraph (1), including the requirement of improved medical or health care and the imposition of civil contempt fines or damages, where appropriate, shall not be affected by paragraph (1). "(c) Each Federal court order seeking to remedy an eighth amendment violation shall be reopened at the behest of a defendant for recommended alteration at a minimum of two-year intervals.". (2) Section 3626 of title 18, United States Code, as added by paragraph (1), shall apply to all outstanding court orders on the date of enactment of this section. Any State or municipality shall be entitled to seek modification of any outstanding eighth amendment decree pursuant to that section. (3) The table of sections for subchapter C of chapter 229 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new item: "3626. Appropriate remedies with respect to prison overcrowding.". SEC. 102. TEMPORARY PRISON FACILITIES AND EXPANDED CAPACITY. (a) IN GENERAL.--In order to remove violent criminals from the streets and protect the public safety, the Attorney General shall take such action as may be necessary, subject to appropriate security considerations, to ensure that sufficient facilities exist to house individuals whom the courts have ordered incarcerated. During the period of the National Drug and Crime Emergency, these facilities may include tent housing or other shelters placed on available military bases and at other suitable locations. The President may direct the National Guard and the Army Corps of Engineers to design and construct such temporary detention facilities. (b) USE OF MILITARY INSTALLATIONS.--(1)In order to provide facilities for incarceration authorized by subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense, the Commission on Alternative Utilization of Military Facilities, and the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall-- (A) identify military installations that could be used as confinement facilities for Federal or State prisoners; and (B) examine the feasibility of using temporary facilities for housing prisoners with a specific examination of the successful use of tent housing during the mobilization for World War II. (2) Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director of the Bureau of Prisoners shall submit to the Congress a description and summary of the results of the examination conducted pursuant to paragraph (1). (c) PRIORITY FOR DISPOSAL OF CLOSED MILITARY INSTALLATIONS.--Section 204(b)(3) of the Defense Authorization Amendments and Base Closure and Realignment Act (10 U.S.C. 2687 note) is amended to read as follows: "(3)(A) Notwithstanding any provision of this title and any other law, before any action is taken with respect to the disposal or transfer of any real property or facility located at a military installation to be closed or realigned under this title the Secretary shall-- "(i) notify the Attorney General and the Governor of each of the territories and possessions of the United States of the availability of such real property or facility, or portion thereof; and "(ii) transfer such real property of facility or portion thereof, as provided in subparagraph (B). "(B) Subject to subparagraph (C), the Secretary shall transfer real property or a facility, or portion thereof, referred to in subparagraph (A) in accordance with the following priorities: "(i) If the Attorney General certifies to the Secretary that the property or facility, or portion thereof, will be used as a prison or other correctional institution, to the Department of Justice for such use. "(ii) If the Governor of a State, the Mayor of the District of Columbia, or the Governor of a territory or possession of the United States certifies to the Secretary that the property or facility, or portion thereof, will be used as a prison or other correctional institution, to that State, the District of Columbia, or that territory or possession for such use. "(iii) To any other transferee pursuant to the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (40 U.S.C. 471 et seq.). "(C) Within each priority specified in clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (B), the Secretary shall give a priority for the transfer of any real property or facility referred to in that subparagraph, or any portion thereof, to any department, agency, or other instrumentality referred to in such clauses that agrees to pay the Department of Defense the fair market value of the real property, facility, or portion thereof. "(D) In this paragraph, the term 'fair market value' means, with respect to any real property or facility, or any portion thereof, the fair market value determined on the basis of the use of the real property or facility on December 31, 1988.". (d) REVIEW OF CURRENT STANDARDS OF PRISON CONSTRUCTION.--(1) The Director of the Bureau of Prisons (referred to as the "Director") shall-- (A) review current construction standards and methods used in building Federal prisons; and (B) examine and recommend any cost cutting measures that could be employed in prison construction (consistent with security requirements), especially expenditures for air conditioning, recreational activities, color television, social services, and similar amenities. (2) Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to Congress a description and summary of the results of the review conducted pursuant to paragraph (1). (e)(1) Chapter 301 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "Section 4014. Private construct and operation of Federal prisons "(a) IN GENERAL.--The Attorney General may contract with private persons to-- "(1) construct, own, and operate Federal prison facilities; or "(2) construct or operate Federal prison facilities owned by the United States, including the provision of subsistence, care, and proper employment of United States prisoners. "(b) COOPERATION WITH STATES.--The Attorney General shall consult and cooperate with State and local governments in exercising the authority provided by subsection (a). "(c) FINANCING OPTIONS FOR PRISON CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION.--(1) To the greatest extent possible, the Attorney General shall utilize creative and cost-effective private financing alternatives and private construction and operation of prisons. "(2) Operating cots of privately-operated prisons shall be covered through rent charged to participating units of Government placing inmates in a prison. "(3) The Attorney General may finance the construction of facilities through lease or lease-purchase agreements. "(4) In order to gain full costs advantages from economies of scale and specialized knowledge from private innovation, the Attorney General may contract with consortia or teams of private firms to design, construct, and manage, as well as finance, prison facilities.". (2) The table of sections for chapter 301 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new item: "4014. Private construct and operation of Federal prisons.". (f) SURPLUS FEDERAL PROPERTY.--(1) For the purpose of expanding the number of correctional facilities, the Administrator of the General Services Administration, in consultation with the Attorney General, shall, not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, identify and make available a list of not less than 20 parcels of surplus Federal property, which the Attorney General has certified are not needed for Federal correctional facilities but which may be suitable for State or local correctional facilities. (2) During the National Drug and Crime Emergency declared in section 3(b)(1), notwithstanding any other law, any property that is determined to be excess to the needs of a Federal agency that may be suitable for use as a correctional facility shall be made available for such use, in order of priority, first, to the Attorney General, and second, to a State, the District of Columbia, or a local government. (g) STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT USE OF FACILITIES.--State and local governments shall be permitted to use Federal temporary incarceration facilities, when they are not needed to accommodate Federal prisoners, for the purpose of incarcerating prisoners at a per diem fee to be paid to the Bureau of Prisons. SEC. 103. ELIMINATION OF EARLY RELEASE FROM PRISON. During the National Drug and Crime Emergency declared in section 3(b)(1), notwithstanding any other law, every person who is convicted in a Federal court of committing a crime of violence against a person or a drug trafficking crime (other than simple possession), shall be sentenced to and shall serve a full term of no less than 5 years' imprisonment, and no such person shall be released from custody for any reason or for any period of time prior to completion of the sentence imposed by the court unless the sentence imposed is greater than 5 years and is not a mandatory minimum sentence without release. Subtitle B--Imposition of Mandatory Minimum Sentences Without Release SEC. 111. INCREASED MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCES WITHOUT RELEASE FOR CRIMINALS USING FIREARMS AND OTHER VIOLENT CRIMINALS. (a) USE OF FIREARMS.--Section 924(c)(1) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: "(c)(1) Whoever, during and in relation to any crime of violence or drug trafficking crime (including a crime of violence or drug trafficking crime which provides for an enhanced punishment if committed by the use of a deadly or dangerous weapon or device) for which the person may be prosecuted in a court of the United States-- "(A) possesses a firearm, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to imprisonment for 10 years without release; "(B) discharges a firearm with intent to injure another person, shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to imprisonment for 20 years without release; or "(C) possesses a firearm that is a machinegun, or is equipped with a firearm silencer or firearm muffler shall, in addition to the punishment provided for such crime of violence or drug trafficking crime, be sentenced to imprisonment for 30 years without release. In the case of a second conviction under this subsection, a person shall be sentenced to imprisonment for 20 years without release for possession or 30 years without release for discharge of a firearm, and if the firearm is a machinegun, or is equipped with a firearm silence or firearm muffler, to life imprisonment without release. In the case of a third or subsequent conviction under this subsection, a person shall be sentenced to life imprisonment without release. If the death of a person results from the discharge of a firearm, with intent to kill another person, by a person during the commission of such a crime, the person who discharged the firearm shall be sentenced to death or life imprisonment without release. A person shall be subjected to the penalty of death under this subsection only if a hearing is held in accordance with section 408 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 848). Notwithstanding any other law, a court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person convicted of a violation of this subsection, nor shall the term of imprisonment under this subsection run concurrently with any other term of imprisonment including that imposed for the crime of violence or drug trafficking crime in which the firearm was used. No person sentenced under this subsection shall be eligible for parole, nor shall such person be released for any reason whatsoever, during a term of imprisonment imposed under this paragraph.". SEC. 112. LIFE IMPRISONMENT WITHOUT RELEASE FOR CRIMINALS CONVICTED A THIRD TIME. Section 401(b) of the Controlled Substances Act is amended by striking "If any person commits a violation of this subparagraph or of section 405, 405A, or 405B after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment without release" and inserting "If any person commits a violation of this subparagraph or of section 405, 405A, or 405B or a crime of violence as defined in section 924(c)(3) of title 18, United States Code, after two or more prior convictions for a felony drug offense or for a crime of violence as defined in section 924(c)(3) of that title or for any combination thereof have become final, such person shall be sentenced to a mandatory term of life imprisonment without release.". SEC. 113. LONGER PRISON SENTENCES FOR THOSE WHO SELL ILLEGAL DRUGS TO MINORS OR FOR USE OF MINORS IN DRUG TRAFFICKING ACTIVITIES. (a) DISTRIBUTION TO PERSONS UNDER AGE 21.--Section 405 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 845) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a) by striking "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 401(b), a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year." and inserting "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 401(b), a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than 10 years without release. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under the preceding sentence and such person shall not be released during the term of such sentence."; and (2) in subsection (b) by striking "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 401(b), a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year." and inserting "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 401(b), a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than 20 years without release. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under the preceding sentence and such person shall not be released during the term of such sentence.". (b) EMPLOYMENT OF PERSONS UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.--Section 405B of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 845b) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a) by striking "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year." and inserting "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 401(b), a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than 10 years without release. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under the preceding sentence and such person shall not be released during the term of such sentence"; and (2) in subsection (c) by striking "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided, a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than one year." and inserting "Except to the extent a greater minimum sentence is otherwise provided by section 401(b), a term of imprisonment under this subsection shall be not less than 20 years without release. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under the preceding sentence and such person shall not be released during the term of such sentence.". SEC. 114. LONGER PRISON SENTENCES FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING. (a) SCHEDULE I AND II SUBSTANCES.--Section 401(b)(1)(C) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(C)) is amended-- (1) in the first sentence by striking "of not more than 20 years" and inserting "which shall be not less than 5 years without release nor more than 20 years"; and (2) in the second sentence by striking "of not more than 30 years" and inserting "which shall be not less than 10 years without release nor more than 30 years". (b) MARIHUANA.--Section 401(b)(1)(D) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(D)) is amended-- (1) in the first sentence by striking "of not more than 5 years" and inserting "not less than 5 years without release"; (2) in the second sentence by striking "of not more than 10 years" and inserting "which shall be not less than 10 years without release"; and (3) by adding the following new sentence at the end thereof: "Not withstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under this subparagraph, nor shall a person so sentenced be eligible for parole during the term of such a sentence.". (c) SCHEDULE IV SUBSTANCES.--Section 401(b)(2) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(2)) is amended-- (1) in the first sentence by striking "of not more than 3 years" and inserting "which shall be not less than 5 years without release"; (2) in the second sentence by striking "of not more than 6 years" and inserting "which shall be not less than 10 years without release"; and (3) by adding the following new sentence at the end thereof: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under this subparagraph, nor shall a person so sentenced be eligible for parole during the term of such a sentence.". (d) SCHEDULE V SUBSTANCES.--Section 401(b)(3) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(3)) is amended-- (1) in the first sentence by striking "of not more than one year" and inserting "which shall be not less than 5 years without release"; (2) in the second sentence by striking "of not more than 2 years" and inserting "which shall be not less than 10 years without release"; and (3) by adding the following new sentence at the end thereof: "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under this subparagraph, nor shall a person so sentenced be eligible for parole during the term of such a sentence.". SEC. 115. MANDATORY PENALTIES FOR ILLEGAL DRUG USE IN FEDERAL PRISONS. (a) DECLARATION OF POLICY.--It is the policy of the Federal Government that the use or distribution of illegal drugs in the Nation's Federal prisons will not be tolerated and that such crime shall be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. (b) AMENDMENT.--Section 401(b) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)) is amended by adding the following new paragraph and the end thereof: "(7)(A) In a case involving possession of a controlled substance within a Federal prison or other Federal detention facility, such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 1 year without release in addition to any other sentence imposed for the possession itself. "(B) In a case involving the smuggling of a controlled substance into a Federal prison or other Federal detention facility or the distribution of a controlled substance within a Federal prison or other Federal detention facility, such person shall be sentenced to a term of imprisonment of 10 years without release in addition to any other sentence imposed for the possession or distribution itself. "(C) Notwithstanding any other law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of a person sentenced under this paragraph. No person sentenced under this paragraph shall be eligible for parole during the term of imprisonment imposed under this paragraph.". SEC. 116. DEPORTATION OF CRIMINAL ALIENS. (a) DEPORTATION OF ALIENS CONVICTED OF CRIMES OF VIOLENCE.--Section 241(a)(14) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1251(a)(14)) is amended by inserting after "convicted" the following: "of a drug trafficking crime or a crime of violence (as those terms are defined in paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 924(c) of title 18, United States Code), or". (b) REENTRY OF DEPORTED ALIENS.--Section 276(b)(2) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1326(b)(2)) is amended to read as follows: "(2) whose deportation was subsequent to a conviction for a drug trafficking crime or a crime of violence (as those terms are defined in sections 924(c) (2) and (3) of title 18, United States Code), such alien shall be fined under such title and imprisoned for 20 years without release, and in the case of a second violation of subsection (a) shall be imprisoned for life without release. Notwithstanding any other law, the court shall not place on probation or suspend the sentence of any person sentenced under this paragraph and such person shall not be released during the term of such sentence.". SEC. 117 ENCOURAGEMENT TO STATES TO ADOPT MANDATORY MINIMUM PRISON SENTENCES. (a) PRIORITY.--Beginning on the date that is 2 calendar years after the date of enactment of this Act, a request for Federal drug law enforcement assistance funds from the Bureau of Justice Assistance Grant Programs by a State whose law provides for-- (1) mandatory minimum sentences equal to or greater than the sentences authorized in sections 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 for the commission of crimes against the State that are equivalent to the Federal crimes punished in those sections; (2) elimination of early release from prison of persons convicted in a State court of committing a crime of violence against a person or drug trafficking crime (other than simple possession), equivalent to the requirements of section 103; and (3) payment of trial costs and mandatory fines equivalent to that imposed by section 202, shall receive priority over a request by a State whose law does not so provide. (b) REDISTRIBUTION.--Beginning on the data that is 2 calendar years after the date of enactment of this Act, the formula for determining the amount of funds to be distributed from the Drug Control and System Improvement Grant Program to state and local governments shall be adjusted by-- (1) reducing by 10 percent the amount of funds that would, except for the application of this paragraph, be allocated to States whose laws do not provide as stated in subsection (a); and (2) allocating the amount of the reduction pro rata to the other States. Subtitle C--Mandatory Work Requirements for Prisoners, Withholding Federal Benefits, and Drug Testing of Prisoners SEC. 131 MANDATORY WORK REQUIREMENT FOR ALL PRISONERS. (A) IN GENERAL.--(1) It is the policy of the Federal Government that convicted prisoners confined in Federal prisons, jails, and other detention facilities shall work. The type of work in which they will be involved shall be dictated by appropriate security considerations and by the health of the prisoner involved. Such labor may include, but not be limited to-- (A) local public works projects and infrastructure repair; (B) construction of new prisons and other detention facilities; (C) prison industries; and (D) other appropriate labor. (2) It is the policy of the Federal Government that States and local governments have the same authority to require all convicted prisoners to work. (b) PRISONERS SHALL WORK.--Medical certification of 100 percent disability, security considerations, or disciplinary action shall be the only excuse to remove a Federal prisoner from labor participation. (c) USE OF FUNDS.--(1) Subject to paragraph (2), any funds generated by labor conducted pursuant to this section shall be deposited in a separate fund in the Treasury of the United States for use by the Attorney General for payment of prison construction and operating expenses or for payment of compensation judgements. Notwithstanding any other law, such funds shall be available without appropriation. (2) Prisoners shall be paid a share of funds generated by their labor conducted pursuant to this section. SEC. 132. REPEAL OF CONSTRAINTS ON PRISON INDUSTRIES. (a) SUMNERS-ASHURST ACT.--(1) Chapter 85 of part 1 of title 18, United States Code, is repealed. (2) The table of chapters for part 1 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by striking the item for chapter 85 and inserting the following: "[85. Repealed.]". (3) The repeal made by this subsection shall not affect the performance to completion of the pilot projects authorized by section 1761(c) of title 18, United States Code, prior to enactment of this act. (b) FEDERAL PRISON INDUSTRIES.--(1) Section 4122(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: "(a) Federal Prison Industries shall determine in what manner and to what extent industrial operations shall be carried on in Federal penal and correctional institutions for the product of commodities for consumption in such institutions or for sale to governmental departments and agencies and to the public.". (2) The first paragraph of section 4124 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: "The several Federal departments and agencies and all other Government institutions of the United States may purchase such products of the industries authorized by this chapter as meet their requirements and may be available.". (3) The second sentence of section 4126(f) of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: "To the extent that the amount of such funds is excess to the needs of the corporation for such purposes, such funds may be transferred to the Attorney General for the construction or acquisition of penal and correctional institutions, including camps described in section 4125.". (c) WALSH-HEALY ACT.--Subsection (d) of the first section of the Act entitled "An Act to provide conditions for the purchase of supplies and the making of contracts by the United States, and for other purposes", approved June 30, 1936, (41 U.S.C. 35(d)), is amended-- (1) by striking "and no convict labor"; and (2) by striking ", except that this section, or any law or Executive order contrasting similar prohibitions against purchase of goods by the Federal Government, shall not apply to convict labor which satisfies the conditions of section 1761(c) of title 18, United States Code". (d) LEGISLATIVE RECOMMENDATIONS.--The Attorney General shall submit to Congress a report making recommendations for legislation to-- (1) ensure that private businesses and labor do not suffer unfair consequences from the repeal in subsection (a); and (2) encourage greater private sector participation in prison industries and create incentives for cooperative arrangements between private businesses and prisons providing for such participation. SEC. 133. EMPLOYMENT OF PRISONERS. (a) IN GENERAL.--The Attorney General may enter into contracts with private businesses for the use of inmate skills that may be of commercial use to such businesses. (b) USE OF FEES AND PAYMENTS.--A portion of the fees and payments collected for the use of inmate skills under contracts entered into pursuant to subsection (a) shall be deposited in the fund described in section 131(c)(1), and a portion shall be paid to the prisoners who conduct the labor. (c) SECURITY REQUIREMENT.--In the case of contracts described in subsection (a) in which the provision of inmate skills would require prisoners to leave the prison-- (1) prisoners shall be permitted to travel directly to a work site and to remain at the work site during the work day and shall be required to return directly to prison at the end of each work day; and (2) only prisoners with no history of violent criminal activity and who are able to meet strict security standards to insure that they pose no threat to the public, shall be eligible to participate. SEC. 134. WITHHOLDING PRISONERS' FEDERAL BENEFITS TO OFFSET INCARCERATION COSTS. (a) IN GENERAL.--The Federal benefits received by any prisoner (not including those of a prisoner's spouse or dependents) who has been convicted of a crime of violence against a person or drug trafficking crime (other than simple possession) under Federal or State law and who is incarcerated in a Federal or State prison shall, during the period of the prisoner's incarceration, be withheld to offset the costs of-- (1) any victim compensation award against such prisoner; and (2) any incarceration costs of the prisoner incurred by the prison system. (b) PAYMENT.--(1) In the case of a Federal Prisoner, Federal benefits withheld for the purpose of subsection (a)(2) shall be paid into the fund established by section 131(c). (2) In the case of a State prisoner, Federal benefits withheld for the purpose of subsection (a)(2) shall be paid to the State. (c) EXCEPTION.--The withholding of Federal benefits of a prisoner with a spouse or other dependents under subsection (a) shall be adjusted by the court to provide adequate support to and to prevent the impoverishment of dependents. (d) DEFINITIONS.--As used in this section the term "Federal benefit" means the issuance of any payment of money, by way of grant, loan, or statutory entitlement, provided by an agency of the United States or by appropriated funds or trust funds of the United States but does not include a right to payment under a contract. SEC. 135. DRUG TESTING OF FEDERAL PRISONERS. (a) DRUG TESTING PROGRAM.--(1) Subchapter A of chapter 229 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "Section 3608. Drug testing of defendants on post-conviction release "(a) The Attorney General, in consultation with the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall, as soon as is practicable after the effective date of this section, establish by regulation a program of drug testing of targeted classes of arrestees, individuals in jails, prisons, and other correctional facilities, and persons on conditional or supervised release before or after conviction, including probationers, parolees, and persons released on bail. "(b)(1) The Attorney General shall, not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this section, promulgate regulations for drug testing programs under this section. "(2) The regulations issued pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be based in part on scientific and technical standards determined by the Secretary of Health and Human Services to ensure reliability and accuracy of drug test results. In addition to specifying acceptable methods and procedures for carrying out drug testing, the regulations may include guidelines or specifications concerning-- "(A) the classes of persons to be targeted for testing; "(B) the drugs to be tested for; "(C) the frequency and duration of testing; and "(D) the effect of test results in decisions concerning the sentence, the conditions to be imposed on release before or after conviction, and the granting, continuation, or termination of such release. "(c) In each district where it is feasible to do so, the chief probation officer shall arrange for the drug testing of defendants on a post-conviction release pursuant to a conviction for a felony or other offense described in section 3563(a)(4) of this title.". SEC. 136. DRUG TESTING OF STATE PRISONERS. (a) IN GENERAL.--Title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3711 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end of part E (42 U.S.C. 3750-3766b) the following: "DRUG TESTING PROGRAMS "SEC. 523. (a) PROGRAM REQUIRED.--No funding shall be provided under this part, whether by direct grant, cooperative agreement, or assistance in any form, to any State or any political subdivision or instrumentality of a State that has not formulated and implemented a drug testing program, subject to periodic review by the Attorney General, as specified in the regulations described in subsection (b), for targeted classes of arrestees, individuals in jails, prisons, and other correctional facilities, and persons on conditional or supervised release before or after conviction, including probationers, parolees, and persons released on bail. "(b) REGULATIONS.--(1) The Attorney General shall, not later than 6 months after the enactment of this section, promulgate regulations for drug testing programs under this section. "(2) The regulations issued pursuant to paragraph (1) shall incorporate the standards applicable to drug testing of Federal prisoners under section 3608 of title 18, United States Code. "(c) EFFECTIVE DATE.--This section shall take effect with respect to any State, subdivisions, or instrumentality receiving or seeking funding under this subchapter at a time specified by the Attorney General, but no earlier than the date of promulgation of the regulations required by subsection (b).". (b) AMENDMENT TO TABLE OF CONTENTS.--The table of contents of title I of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (42 U.S.C. 3711 et seq.) is amended by inserting at the end of the item relating to part E the following: "Sec. 523. Drug testing program.". Subtitle D--Judicial Reform to Protect the Innocent and Punish the Guilty SEC. 151. GOOD FAITH STANDARDS FOR GATHERING EVIDENCE. (a) IN GENERAL.--Chapter 223 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "Section 3509. Admissibility of evidence obtained by search or seizure "(a) EVIDENCE OBTAINED BY OBJECTIVELY REASONABLE SEARCH OR SEIZURE.--Evidence which is obtained as a result of a search or seizure shall not be excluded in a proceeding in a court of the United States on the ground that the search or seizure was in violation of the fourth amendment to the Constitution of the United States, if the search or seizure was carried out in circumstances justifying an objectively reasonable belief that it was in conformity with the fourth amendment. The fact that evidence was obtained pursuant to and within the scope of a warrant constitutes prima facie evidence of the existence of such circumstances. "(b) EVIDENCE NOT EXCLUDABLE BY STATUTE OR RULE.--Evidence shall not be excluded in a proceeding in a court of the United States on the ground that it was obtained in violation of a statute, an administrative rule or regulation, or a rule of procedure unless exclusion is expressly authorized by a statute or by a rule prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority. "(c) RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.--This section shall not be constructed to require or authorize the exclusion of evidence in any proceeding.". (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.--The table of sections at the beginning of chapter 223 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "3509. Admissibility of evidence obtained by search or seizure.". SEC. 152. STROM THURMOND HABEAS CORPUS REFORM INITIATIVE. (a) FINALITY OF DETERMINATIONS.--Section 2244 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsections: "(d) When a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court fails to raise a claim in State proceedings at the time or in the manner required by State rules of procedure, the claim shall not be entertained in an application for a writ of habeas corpus unless actual prejudice resulted to the applicant from the alleged denial of Federal right asserted and-- "(1) the failure to raise the claim properly or to have it heard in State proceedings was the result of State action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States; "(2) the Federal right asserted was newly recognized by the Supreme Court subsequent to the procedural default and is retroactively applicable; or "(3) the factual predicate of the claim could not have been discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence prior to the procedural default. "(e) A one-year period of limitation shall apply to an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court. The limitation period shall run from the latest of the following times: "(1) the time at which State remedies are exhausted; "(2) the time at which the impediment to filing an application created by State action in violation to the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, where the applicant was prevented from filing by such State action; "(3) the time at which the Federal right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, where the right has been newly recognized by the Court and is retroactively applicable; or "(4) the time at which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence.". (b) APPEAL.--Section 2253 of title 28, United States Code, is amended to read as follows: "Section 2253. Appeal "In a habeas corpus proceeding or a proceeding under section 2255 of this title before a circuit or district judge, the final order shall be subject to review, on appeal, by the court of appeals for the circuit where the proceeding is had. "There shall be no right of appeal from such an order in a proceeding to test the validity of a warrant to remove, to another district or place for commitment or trial, a person charged with a criminal offense against the United States, or to test the validity of the person's detention pending removal proceedings. "An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding where the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court, or from the final order in a proceeding under section 2255 of this title, unless a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of probable cause.". (c) APPELLATE PROCEDURE.--Rule 22 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure is amended to read as follows: "Rule 22. Habeas Corpus and Section 2255 Proceedings "(a) APPLICATION FOR AN ORIGINAL WRIT OF HABEAS CORPUS.--An application for a writ of habeas corpus shall be made to the appropriate district court. If application is made to a circuit judge, the application will ordinarily be transferred to the appropriate district court. If an application is made to or transferred to the district court and denied, renewal of the application before a circuit judge is not favored; the proper remedy is by appeal to the court of appeals from the order of the district court denying the writ. "(b) NECESSITY OF CERTIFICATE OF PROBABLE CAUSE FOR APPEAL.--In a habeas corpus proceeding in which the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court, and in a motion proceeding pursuant to section 2255 of title 28, United States Code, an appeal by the applicant or movant may not proceed unless a circuit judge issues a certificate of probable cause. If a request for a certificate of probable cause is addressed to the court of appeals, it shall be deemed addressed to the judges thereof and shall be considered by a circuit judge or judges as the court deems appropriate. If no express request for a certificate is filed, the notice of appeal shall be deemed to constitute a request addressed to the judgements of the court of appeals. If an appeal is taken by a State or the government or its representative, a certificate of probable cause is not required.". (d) STATE CUSTODY.--Section 2254 of title 28, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows: "(b) An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, or that there is either an absence of available State corrective process or the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the applicant. An application may be denied on the merits notwithstanding the failure of the applicant to exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the States."; (2) by redesignating subsection (d), (e), and (f) as subsections (e), (f), and (g), respectively; (3) by inserting after subsection (c) the following new subsection: "(d) An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted with respect to any claim that has been fully and fairly adjudicated in State proceedings."; and (4) by amending subsection (e), as redesignated by paragraph (2), to read as follows: "(e) In a proceeding instituted by an application for a writ of habeas corpus by a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court, a full and fair determination of a factual issue made in the case by a State court shall be presumed to be correct. The applicant shall have the burden of rebutting this presumption by clear and convincing evidence.". (e) FEDERAL CUSTODY.--Section 2255 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by striking the second paragraph and the penultimate paragraph thereof, and by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraphs: "When a person fails to raise a claim at the time or in the manner required by Federal rules of procedure, the claim shall not be entertained in a motion under this section unless actual prejudice resulted to the movant from the alleged denial of the right asserted and-- "(1) the failure to raise the claim properly, or to have it heard, was the result of governmental action in violation of the Constitution or the laws of the United States; "(2) the right asserted was newly recognized by the Supreme Court subsequent to the procedural default and is retroactively applicable; or "(3) the factual predicate of the claim could not have been discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence prior to the procedural default. "A two-year period of limitation shall apply to a motion under this section. The limitation period shall run from the latest of the following times; "(1) The time at which the judgment of conviction becomes final. "(2) The time at which the impediment to making a motion created by governmental action in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States is removed, where the movant was prevented from making a motion by such governmental action. "(3) The time at which the right asserted was initially recognized by the Supreme Court, where the right has been newly recognized by the Court and is retroactively applicable. "(4) The time at which the factual predicate of the claim or claims presented could have been discovered through the exercise of reasonable diligence.". SEC. 153. PROSCRIPTION OF USE OF DRUG PROFITS. (a) LIST OF ASSETS.--Section 511(d) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 881(d)) is amended by-- (1) inserting "(1)" after (d)"; and (2) adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: "(2)(A) Prior to sentencing a defendant on conviction in a Federal court of a felony under this title, the court shall compile a list of all assets owned by the defendant not subject to forfeiture. "(B) After the release of a defendant described in subparagraph (A), upon request of the Attorney General, the court shall required the defendant to provide proof that any asset owned by the defendant not listed on the list described in subparagraph (A) was legally obtained.". "(C) In order to prove that a defendant legally obtained an asset not listed on the list described in subparagraph (A), the defendant shall be required to produce documentation of the same nature as that required of a taxpayer by the Internal Revenue Service. "(D) Assets that a defendant does not prove were legally obtained under subparagraph (B) may be seized by the Attorney General through attachment and foreclosure proceedings, and the proceeds of such proceedings shall be deposited in the Department of Justice's Assets Forfeiture Fund and shall be available for transfer to the building and facilities account of the Federal prison system.". SEC. 154. JURISDICTION OF SPECIAL MASTERS. Notwithstanding any other law, a special master appointed to serve in a United States court to monitor compliance with a court order, including special masters who have been appointed prior to the date of enactment of this Act-- (1) shall be appointed for a term of no more than 1 year; (2) may be reappointed for terms of 1 year; (3) shall be given a clear and narrow mandate by the court and shall have no authority in any area where a specific mandate is not granted; and (4) shall not have jurisdiction to enforce any judicial order with respect to the management of prisons or jails. SEC. 155. SENTENCING PATTERNS OF FEDERAL JUDGES. (a) IN GENERAL.--Chapter 49 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "Section 757 Sentencing patterns "(a) The Administrative Office of the United States Courts shall annually publish a cumulative report on sentencing by United States District Judges. The report shall be compiled for the purpose of enabling the reader to assess criminal sentencing patterns among Federal judges and post-sentencing treatment to determine judicial accuracy of forecasting future responsible and lawful behavior by those whom they sentence. "(b) The report shall-- "(1) personally identify the judge that pronounced each criminal sentence; "(2) give a brief description of the crime or crimes perpetrated by the criminal and the prison, probation, parole, furlough, recidivism, and other history of the criminal that is reasonably available for compilation; and "(3) include such charts, profiles, and narratives as are necessary.". (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.--The table of sections for chapter 49 of title 28, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: "757. Sentencing patterns.". TITLE II--ACHIEVING A DRUG-FREE AMERICA BY 1995 SEC. 201. FINDINGS. The Congress finds that-- (1) to make America drug-free by 1995 requires a concerted effort to hold drug users accountable for their actions, which sustain the drug trade and related criminal activities; and (2) the anti-drug policy of the 1990's must emphasize the principles of zero tolerance, user accountability, and measured user penalties. SEC. 202 PAYMENT OF TRIAL COSTS AND MANDATORY MINIMUM FINES. (a) FINE TO PAY COST OF TRIAL.--(1) A person who is convicted of a violation of section 404 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 844) shall pay to the Treasury of the United States the cost of the trial in which the person is convicted, as determined by the court, out of the income of such person. (2) If a person convicted of drug possession has insufficient income and property to pay the cost of trial as required by paragraph (1), the court shall determine an appropriate amount that should be paid in view of the person's income and the cost of trial. (3) The amount that a person shall be required to pay out of the person's income to pay the cost of trial shall not exceed 25 percent of the person's annual income. (b) ADDITIONAL MANDATORY FINE.--In addition to the fines authorized in section 404 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 844) and in subsection (a), a person who is convicted of section 404 of the Controlled Substances Act shall be assessed a mandatory fine of at least 10 percent of the person's income for a first offense and at least 25 percent of the person's income for a second or subsequent offense. (c) INCOME.--For the purposes of this section, a person's annual income shall be determined to be no less than the amount of income reported on the person's most recent Federal income tax filing. (d) FORFEITURE OF PROPERTY.--If a person convicted of a drug crime has insufficient income to pay the fines imposed under subsections (a) and (b), the person's property, including wages and other earnings, shall be subject to forfeiture through attachment, foreclosure, and garnishment procedures. (e) The court may order payment of trial costs and fines imposed under this section in a single payment or in installments, as necessary to realize the greatest possibility that the entire amount of costs and fines will be paid. SEC. 203. WITHHOLDING OF UNEARNED FEDERAL BENEFITS FROM DRUG TRAFFICKERS AND USERS WHO ARE NOT IN PRISON. (a) DRUG TRAFFICKERS.--Section 5301(a) of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (21 U.S.C 853a(a)) is amended-- (1) by amending paragraph (1) to read as follows: "(1) Any individual who is convicted of any State offense consisting of the distribution of controlled substances (as such terms are defined for purposes of the Controlled Substances Act) who is not sentenced to a prison term or who serves a prison term of less than the time periods specified in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of this paragraph shall-- "(A) upon the first conviction for such an offense be ineligible for unearned Federal benefits for 5 years after such conviction; "(B) upon a second conviction be ineligible for all unearned Federal benefits for 10 years after such conviction; and "(C) upon a third or subsequent conviction for such an offense be permanently ineligible for all unearned Federal benefits."; and (2) in paragraph (2) by striking "there is a reasonable body of evidence to substantiate such declaration" and inserting "there is clear and convincing evidence to substantiate such declaration". (b) DRUG USERS.--Section 5301(b) of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (21 U.S.C. 853a(b)) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1) by amending subparagraphs (A) and (B) to read as follows: "(A) upon the first conviction for such an offense be ineligible for all unearned Federal benefits for 1 year after such conviction; "(B) upon a second and subsequent convictions be ineligible for all unearned Federal benefits for 5 years after such convictions; and (2) in paragraph (2) by striking "there is a reasonable body of evidence to substantiate such declaration" and inserting "there is clear and convincing evidence to substantiate such declaration". (c) SUSPENSION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY.--Subsection (c) of section 5301 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (21 U.S.C. 853a(c)) is amended to read as follows: "(c) SUSPENSION OF PERIOD OF INELIGIBILITY.--A court may reduce the period of ineligibility referred to in subsection (b)(1)(A) to 3 months if the individual-- "(1) successfully completes a supervised drug rehabilitation program which includes periodic, random drug testing after becoming ineligible under this section; or "(2) completes a period of community service satisfactory to the court and passes period and random drug tests administered during the 3-month period of suspension.". (d) DEFINITIONS.--Subsection (d) of section 5301 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (21 U.S.C. 853a(d)) is amended to read as follows: "(d) DEFINITIONS.--As used in this section-- "(1) the term 'earned Federal benefits' means programs and benefits that are earned through or by financial contributions or service, such as Social Security or veterans' benefits; and "(2) the term 'unearned Federal benefits' means all Federal benefits, including the issuance of any grant, contract, loan, professional license, or commercial license provided by an agency of the United States or by appropriated funds of the United States, but not including earned Federal benefits, such as Social Security and veteran's benefits. (e) MONITORING.--The Attorney General shall establish a system to monitor implementation of section 5301 of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 (21 U.S.C. 853a). SEC. 204. REVOCATION OF DRUG USERS' DRIVER'S LICENSES AND PILOT'S LICENSES. (a) DRIVER'S LICENSES.--(1) Chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "Section 159. Revocation of the driver's licenses of persons convicted of drug possession "(a) Beginning on the date that is 2 calendar years after the date of enactment of this section, a request for Federal drug law enforcement assistance funds from the Bureau of Justice Assistance Grant programs by a State whose law provides for revocation of drivers' licenses as provided in subsection (c) shall receive priority over a request by a State whose law does not so provide. "(b) Beginning on the date that is 2 calendar years after the date of enactment of this section, the formula for determining the amount of funds to be distributed from the Drug Control and System Improvement Grant Program to State and local governments shall be adjusted by-- "(1) reducing by 10 percent the amount of funds that would, except for the application of this paragraph, be allocated to States whose laws do not provide as stated in subsection (c); and "(2) allocated the amount of the reduction pro rata to the other States. "(c)(1) A State meets the requirements of this section if the State has enacted and is enforcing a law that requires in all circumstances, except as provided in paragraph(2)-- "(A) the mandatory revocation of the driver's license for at least 1 year of any person who is convicted, after the enactment of such law, of-- "(i) a violation of section 404 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 844); or "(ii) any other Federal or State drug offense for which a person serves less than 1 year's imprisonment; and "(B) the mandatory denial of any request for the issuance or reinstatement of a driver's license to such a person if the person does not have a driver's license, or the driver's license of the person is suspended, at the time the person is so convicted. "(2) The State law referred to in paragraph (1) may provide that the driver's license of a first offender, but not of a second or subsequent offender, may be reinstated on performance of 3 months' community service and passes periodic drug tests administered during the period of community service.". "(d) For purposes of this section-- "(1) The term 'driver's license' means a license issued by a State to any person that authorizes the person to operate a motor vehicle on the highways. "(2) The term 'drug offense' means any criminal offense which proscribes the possession, distribution, manufacture, cultivation, sale, transfer, or the attempt or conspiracy to possess, distribute, manufacture, cultivate, sell, or transfer any substance the possession of which is prohibited under the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 801 et seq.) and such offenses under State laws. "(3) The term 'convicted' includes adjudicated under juvenile proceedings.". (2) The table of contents for chapter 1 of title 23, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new item: "159. Revocation of the driver's licenses of persons convicted of drug offenses.". (b) PILOT'S LICENSES.--The Secretary of Transportation shall cause the Federal Aviation Administration to amend its regulations as necessary to cause the revocation of pilot's licenses on the terms and conditions prescribed for revocation of driver's licenses in subsection (a). SEC. 205. ACCOUNTABILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF DRUG TREATMENT FACILITIES. (a) STATEWIDE DRUG TREATMENT PLANS.--Title XIX of the Public Health Service Act is amended by inserting after section 1916A (42 U.S.C. 300x-4a) the following new section: "SEC. 1916B. STATEWIDE DRUG TREATMENT PLAN. "(a) NATURE OF PLAN.--To receive the drug abuse portion of its allotment for a fiscal year under section 1912A, a State shall develop, implement, and submit, as part of the application required by section 1916(a), an approved statewide Drug Treatment Plan, prepared according to regulations promulgated by the Secretary, that shall contain-- "(1) a single, designated State agency for formulating and implementing the Statewide Drug Treatment Plan; "(2) a description of the mechanism that shall be used to assess the needs for drug treatment in localities throughout the State including the presentation of relevant data; "(3) a description of a statewide plan that shall be implemented to expand treatment capacity and overcome obstacles that restrict the expansion of treatment capacity (such as zoning ordinances), or an explanation of why such a plan is necessary; "(4) a description of performance-based criteria that shall be used to assist in the allocating of funds to drug treatment facilities receiving assistance under this subpart: [sic] "(5) a description of the drug-free patient and workplace programs, that must include some form of drug testing, to be utilized in drug treatment facilities and programs; "(6) a description of the mechanism that shall be used to make funding allocations under this subpart; "(7) a description of the actions that shall be taken to improve the referral of drug users to treatment facilities that offer the most appropriate treatment modality; "(8) a description of the program of training that shall be implemented for employees of treatment facilities receiving Federal funds, designed to permit such employees to stay abreast of the latest and most effective treatment techniques; "(9) a description of the plan that shall be implemented to coordinate drug treatment facilities with other social, health, correctional and vocational services in order to assist or properly refer those patients in need of such additional services; and "(10) a description of the plan that will be implemented to expand and improve efforts to contact and treat expectant women who use drugs and to provide appropriate follow-up care to their affected newborns. "(b) SUBMISSION OF PLAN.--The plan required by subsection (a) shall be submitted to the Secretary annually for review and approval. The Secretary shall have the authority to review and approve or disapprove such State plans, and to propose changes to such plans. "(c) SUBMISSION OF PROGRESS REPORTS.--Each State shall submit reports, in such form, and containing such information as the Secretary may, from time to time, require, and shall comply with such additional provisions as the Secretary may from time to time find are necessary to verify the accuracy of such reports but are not overly burdensome to the State. "(d) WAIVER OF PLAN REQUIREMENT.--At the discretion of the Secretary, the Secretary may waive any or all of the requirements of this section on the written request of a State, except that such waiver shall not be granted unless the State implements an alternative treatment plan that fulfills the objectives of this section. "(e) DEFINITION.--As used in this section, the term 'drug abuse portion' means the amount of a State's allotment under section 1912A that is required by this subpart, or by any other law, to be used for programs or activities relating to drug abuse.". (b) REGULATIONS AND EFFECTIVE DATES.--(1) The Secretary of Health and Human Services shall promulgate regulations to carry out section 1916B of the Public Health Service Act (as added by subsection (a)) not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this section. (2)(A)Sections 1916B(a) (4) and (5) of such Act (as added by subsection (a)) shall become effective on October 1 of the second fiscal year beginning after the date that final regulations under paragraph (1) are published in the Federal Register. (B) The remaining provision of such section 1916B shall become effective on October 1 of the first fiscal year beginning after the date final regulations under paragraph (1) are published in the Federal Register. SEC. 206. DRUG-FREE SCHOOLS. (a) ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION.--(1) Title XII of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.), is amended by inserting at the end thereof the following new section 1213: "DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE PREVENTION "SEC. 1213. (a) Notwithstanding any other law, no institution of higher education shall be eligible to receive funds or any other form of financial assistance under any Federal program, including participation in any federally funded or guaranteed student loan program, unless it certifies to the Secretary that it has adopted and has implemented a program to prevent the use of illicit drugs and the abuse of alcohol by students and employees that, at a minimum, includes-- "(1) the annual distribution to each student and employee of-- "(A) standards of conduct that clearly prohibit, at a minimum, the unlawful possession, use, or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol by students and employees on its property or as a part of any of its activities; "(B) a description of applicable legal sanctions under local, State, or Federal law for the unlawful possession or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol; "(C) a description of the health risks associated with the use of illicit drugs and the abuse of alcohol; "(D) a description of any drug or alcohol counseling, treatment, or rehabilitation programs that are available to employees or students; and "(E) a clear statement that the institution will impose sanctions on students and employees (consistent with local, State, and Federal laws), and a description of those sanctions, up to and including expulsion or termination of employment and referral for prosecution, for violations of the standards of conduct required by paragraph (1)(A); "(2) provisions for drug testing; and "(3) a biennial review by the institution of its program to-- "(A) determine its effectiveness and implement changes to the program if they are needed; and "(B) ensure that the sanctions required by paragraph (1)(E) are consistently enforced. "(b) Each institution of higher education that provides the certification required by subsection (a) shall, upon request, make available to the Secretary and to the public a copy of each item required by subsection (a)(1) as well as the results of the biennial review required by subsection (a)(2). "(c)(1) The Secretary shall publish regulations to implement and enforce this section, including regulations that provide for-- "(A) the periodic review of a representative sample of programs required by subsection (a); and "(B) sanctions, up to and including the termination of any form of financial assistance, for institutions of higher education that fail to implement their programs or to consistently enforce their sanctions. "(2) The sanctions required by subsection (a)(1)(E) may include the completion of an appropriate rehabilitation program". (2) Paragraph (1) shall take effect on October 1, 1990. (b) DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE PREVENTION.--(1) Part D of the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986 (20 U.S.C. 3171 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof a new section 5145 to read as follows: "CERTIFICATION OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE PREVENTION PROGRAMS. "SEC. 5145. (a) Notwithstanding any other law, no local educational agency shall be eligible to receive funds or any other form of financial assistance under any Federal program unless it certifies to the State educational agency that it has adopted and has implemented a program to prevent the use of illicit drugs and alcohol by students or employees that, at a minimum, includes-- "(1) mandatory, age-appropriate, developmentally based drug and alcohol education and prevention programs (which address the legal, social, and health consequences of drug and alcohol use and which provide information about effective techniques for resisting peer pressure to use illicit drugs or alcohol) for students in all grades of the schools operated or served by the applicant, from early childhood level through grade 12; "(2) conveying to students that the use of illicit drugs and alcohol is wrong and harmful; "(3) standards of conduct that are applicable to students and employees in all the applicant's schools and that clearly prohibit, at a minimum, the possession, use, or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol by students and employees on school premises or as part of any of its activities; "(4) a clear statement that sanctions (consistent with local, State, and Federal law), up to and including expulsion or termination of employment and referral for prosecution, will be imposed on students and employees who violate the standards of conduct required by paragraph (3) and a description of those sanctions; "(5) information about any available drug and alcohol counseling and rehabilitation programs that are available to students and employees; "(6) a requirement that parents, students, and employees be given a copy of the standards of conduct required by paragraph (3) and the statement of sanctions required by paragraph (4); "(7) notifying parents, students, and employees that compliance with the standards of conduct required by paragraph (3) is mandatory; "(8) provisions for drug testing; and "(9) a biennial review by the applicant of its program to-- "(A) determine its effectiveness and implement changes to the program if they are needed; and "(B) ensure that the sanctions required by paragraph (4) are consistently enforced. "(b) Each local educational agency that provides the certification required by subsection (a) shall, upon request, make available to the Secretary, the State educational agency, and the public full information about the elements of its program required by subsection (a), including the results of its biennial review. "(c) Each State educational agency shall certify to the Secretary that it has adopted and has implemented a program to prevent the use of illicit drugs and the abuse of alcohol by its students and employees that is consistent with the program required by subsection (a) of this section. The State educational agency shall, upon request, make available to the Secretary and to the public full information about the elements of its program. "(d)(1) The Secretary shall publish regulations to implement and enforce the provisions of this section, including regulations that provide for-- "(A) the periodic review by State educational agencies of a representative sample of programs required by subsection (a); and "(B) sanctions, up to and including the termination of any form of financial assistance, for local educational agencies that fail to implement their programs or to consistently enforce their sanctions. "(2) The sanctions required by subsection (a)(1) through (4) may included the completion of an appropriate rehabilitation program.". (2) The Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986 is further amended in section 5126(c)(2) by-- (A) striking subparagraphs (E), (F), and (G); and (B) redesignating subparagraphs (H) through (M) as subparagraphs (E) through (J), respectively. (3) Paragraphs (1) and (2) shall take effect on October 1, 1990. SEC. 207. DRUG-FREE TRANSPORTATION. (a) SHORT TITLE.--This section may be cited as the 'Transportation Employee Testing Act'. (b) FINDINGS.--The Congress finds that-- (1) alcohol abuse and illegal drug use pose significant dangers to the safety and welfare of the Nation; (2) millions of the Nation's citizens utilize transportation by aircraft, railroads, trucks, and buses, and depend on the operators of aircraft, railroads, trucks, and buses to perform in a safe and responsible manner; (3) the greatest efforts must be expended to eliminate the abuse of alcohol and the use of illegal drugs, whether on or off duty, by persons who are involved in the operation of aircraft, railroads, trucks, and buses; (4) the use of alcohol and illegal drugs has been demonstrated to affect significantly the performance of persons who use them, and has been proven to have been a critical factor in transportation accidents; (5) the testing of uniformed personnel of the Armed Forces has shown that the most effective deterrent to abuse of alcohol and use of illegal drugs is increased testing, including random testing; (6) adequate safeguards can be implemented to ensure that testing for abuse of alcohol or use of illegal drugs is performed in a manner that protects a person's right of privacy, ensures that no person is harassed by being treated differently from other persons, and ensures that no person's reputation or career development is unduly threatened or harmed; and (7) rehabilitation is a critical component of any testing program for abuse of alcohol or use of illegal drugs, and should be made available to persons, as appropriate. (C) AMENDMENT OF THE FEDERAL AVIATION ACT.--(1) Title VI of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (49 App. U.S.C. 1421 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: "ALCOHOL AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES TESTING "TESTING PROGRAM "SEC. 613. (a)(1) The Administrator shall, in the interest of aviation safety, prescribe regulations not later than 12 months after the date of enactment of this section. Such regulations shall establish a program that requires air carriers and foreign air carriers to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of airmen, crewmembers, airport security screening contract personnel, and other air carrier employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as determined by the Administrator) for use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substances. The Administrator may also prescribe regulations, as the Administrator considers appropriate in the interest of safety, for the conduct of periodic recurring testing of such employees for such use in violation of law. "(2) The Administrator shall establish a program applicable to employees of the Federal Aviation Administration whose duties include responsibility for safety-sensitive functions. Such programs shall provide for preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, an post-accident testing for use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance. The Administrator may also prescribe regulations, as the Administrator considers appropriate in the interest of safety, for the conduct of periodic testing of such employees for such use in violation of law. "(3) In prescribing regulations under the programs required by this subsection, the Administrator shall require, as the Administrator considers appropriate, the suspension or revocation of any certificate issued to such a person, or the disqualification or dismissal of any such person, in accordance with this section, in any instance where a test conduct and confirmed under this section indicates that such person has used, in violation of law, alcohol or a controlled substance. "PROHIBITION OF SERVICE "(b)(1) No person may use, in violation of law, alcohol or a controlled substance after the date of enactment of this section and serve as an airman, crewmember, airport security screening contract personnel, air carrier employee responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as determined by the Administrator), or employee of the Federal Aviation Administration with responsibility for safety-sensitive functions. "(2) No person who is determined to have used, in violation of law, alcohol or a controlled substance after the date of enactment of this section shall serve as an airman, crewmember, airport security screening contract personnel, air carrier employee responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as determined by the Administrator), or employee of the Federal Aviation Administration with responsibility for safety-sensitive functions unless such person has completed a program of rehabilitation described in subsection (c). "(3) Any such person determined by the Administrator to have used, in violation of law, alcohol or a controlled substance after the date of enactment of this section who-- "(A) engaged in such use while on duty; "(B) prior to such use had undertaken or completed a rehabilitation program described in subsection (c) of this section; "(C) following such determination refuses to undertake such rehabilitation program; or "(D) following such determination fails to complete such a rehabilitation program, shall not be permitted to perform the duties relating to air transportation which such person performed prior to the date of such determination. "PROGRAM FOR REHABILITATION "(c)(1) The Administrator shall prescribe regulations setting forth requirements for rehabilitation programs which at a minimum provide for the identification and opportunity for treatment of employees referred to in subsection (a)(1) in need of assistance in resolving problems with the use, in violation of law, of alcohol or controlled substances. Each air carrier or foreign air carrier is encouraged to make such a program available to all of its employees in addition to those employees referred to in subsection (a)(1). The Administrator shall determine the circumstances under which such employees shall be required to participate in such a program. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude any air carrier or foreign air carrier from establishing a program under this subsection in cooperation with any other air carrier or foreign air carrier. "(2) The Administrator shall establish and maintain a rehabilitation program which at a minimum provides for the identification and opportunity for treatment of those employees of the Federal Aviation Administration whose duties include responsibility for safety-sensitive functions who are in need of assistance in resolving problems with the use of alcohol or controlled substances. "PROCEDURES "(d) In establishing the program required under subsection (a) of this section, the Administrator shall development requirements which shall-- "(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimen samples; "(2) with respect to laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments thereto, including mandatory guidelines which-- "(A) establish comprehensive standards for all aspects of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this section, including standards that require the use of the best available technology for ensuring full reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimen samples collected for controlled substances testing; "(B) establish the minimum list of controlled substances for which persons may be tested; and "(C) establish appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this section; "(3) require that all laboratories involved in the controlled substances testing of any person under this section shall have the capability and facility, at such laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests; "(4) provide that all tests that indicate the use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance by any person shall be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative data regarding alcohol or a controlled substance; "(5) provide that each specimen sample be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested person and that a portion thereof be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that if the person's confirmation test results are positive the person has an opportunity to have the retained portion assayed by a confirmation test done independently at a second certified laboratory if the person requests the independent test within 3 days after being advised of the results of the confirmation test; "(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations as may be necessary and in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services; "(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (other than information relating to alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that this paragraph shall not preclude the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this section; and "(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances. "EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS "(e)(1) No State or local government shall adopt or have in effect any law, rule, regulation, ordinance, standard, or order that is inconsistent with the regulations promulgated under this section, except that the regulations promulgated under this section shall not be construed to preempt provisions of State criminal law which impose sanctions for reckless conduct leading to actual loss of life, injury, or damage to property, whether the provisions apply specifically to employees of an air carrier or foreign air carrier or to the general public. "(2) Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the discretion of the Administrator to continue in force, amend, or further supplement any regulations issued before the date of enactment of this section that govern the use of alcohol and controlled substances by airmen, crewmembers, airport security screening contract personnel, air carrier employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as determined by the Administrator), or employees of the Federal Aviation Administration with responsibility for safety-sensitive functions. "(3) In prescribing regulations under this section, the Administrator shall establish requirements applicable to foreign air carriers that are consistent with the international obligations of the United States, and the Administrator shall take into consideration any applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries. The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Transportation, jointly, shall call on the member countries of the International Civil Aviation Organization to strengthen and enforce existing standards to prohibit the use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance by crewmembers in international civil aviation. "DEFINITION "(f) For the purposes of this section, the term "controlled substance" means any substance under section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)) specified by the Administrator.". (2) The portion of the table of contents of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 relating to title VI is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: "Sec. 613. Alcohol and controlled substances testing. "(a) Testing program. "(b) Prohibition on service. "(c) Program for rehabilitation. "(d) Procedures. "(e) Effect on other laws and regulations. "(f) Definition.". (d) AMENDMENT OF THE FEDERAL RAILROAD SAFETY ACT.--Section 202 of the Federal Railroad Safety Act of 1970 (45 U.S.C. 431) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new subsection: "(r)(1) In the interest of safety, the Secretary shall, not later than 12 months after the date of enactment of this subsection, issue rules, regulations, standards, and orders relating to alcohol and drug use in railroad operations. Such regulations shall establish a program which-- "(A) requires railroads to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of all railroad employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as determined by the Secretary) for use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance; "(B) requires, as the Secretary considers appropriate, disqualification for an established period of time or dismissal of any employee determined to have used or to have been impaired by alcohol while on duty; and "(C) requires, as the Secretary considers appropriate, disqualification for an established period of time or dismissal of any employee determined to have used a controlled substance, whether on duty or not on duty, except as permitted for medical purposes by law and any rules, regulations, standards, or orders issued under this title. The Secretary may also issue rules, regulations, standards, and orders, as the Secretary considers appropriate in the interest of safety, requiring railroads to conduct periodic testing of railroad employees responsible for such safety sensitive functions, for use of alcohol or a controlled substance in violation of law. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to restrict the discretion of the Secretary to continue in force, amend, or further supplement any rules, regulations, standards, and orders governing the use of alcohol and controlled substances in railroad operations issued before the date of enactment of this subsection. "(2) In carrying out this subsection, the Secretary shall develop requirements which shall-- "(A) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimen samples; "(B) with respect to laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any amendments thereto, including mandatory guidelines which-- "(i) establish comprehensive standards for all aspects of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this subsection, including standards that require the use of the best available technology for ensuring the full reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimen samples collected for controlled substances testing; "(ii) establish the minimum list of controlled substances for which persons may be tested; and "(iii) establish appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this subsection; "(C) require that all laboratories involved in the controlled substances testing of any employee under this subsection shall have the capability and facility, at such laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests; "(D) provide that all tests which indicate the use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance by any employee shall be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative data regarding alcohol or a controlled substance; "(E) provide that each specimen sample be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested person and that a portion thereof be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that in the event the person's confirmation test results are positive the person has an opportunity to have the retained portion assayed by a confirmation test done independently at a second certified laboratory if the person requests the independent test within 3 days after being advised of the results of the confirmation test; "(F) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations as may be necessary and in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services; "(G) provides for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (other than information relating to alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that the provisions of this subparagraph shall not preclude the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this subsection; and "(H) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances. "(3) The Secretary shall issue rules, regulations, standards, or orders setting forth requirements for rehabilitation programs which at a minimum provide for the identification and opportunity for treatment of railroad employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions (as determined by the Secretary) in need of assistance in resolving problems with the use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance. Each railroad is encouraged to make such a program available to all of its employees in addition to those employees responsible for safety-sensitive functions. The Secretary shall determine the circumstances under which such employees shall be required to participate in such program. Nothing in this paragraph shall preclude a railroad from establishing a program under this paragraph in cooperation with any other railroad. "(4) In carrying out the provisions of this subsection, the Secretary shall establish requirements that are consistent with the international obligations of the United States, and the Secretary shall take into consideration any applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries. "(5) For the purposes of this subsection, the term 'controlled substance' means any substance under section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)) specified by the Secretary.". (e) AMENDMENT OF THE COMMERCIAL MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY ACT.--(1) The Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 (49 App. U.S.C. 2701 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "SEC. 12020. ALCOHOL AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES TESTING. "(a) REGULATIONS.--The Secretary shall, in the interest of commercial motor vehicle safety, issue regulations not later than 12 months after the date of enactment of this section. Such regulations shall establish a program which requires motor carriers to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and post-accident testing of the operators of commercial motor vehicles for use, in violation of law, of alcohol or a controlled substance. The Secretary may also issue regulations, as the Secretary considers appropriate in the interest of safety, for the conduct of periodic testing of such operations for such use in violation of law. "(b) TESTING.-- "(1) POST-ACCIDENT TESTING.--In issuing such regulations, the Secretary shall require that post-accident testing of the operator of a commercial motor vehicle be conducted in the case of any accident involving a commercial motor vehicle in which occurs loss of human life, or, as determined by the Secretary, other serious accidents involving bodily injury or significant property damage. "(2) TESTING AS PART OF MEDICAL EXAMINATION.--Nothing in subsection (a) shall preclude the Secretary from providing in such regulations that such testing be conducted as part of the medical examination required by subpart E of part 391 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, with respect to operators of commercial motor vehicles to whom such part is applicable. "(c) PROGRAM FOR REHABILITATION.--The Secretary shall issue regulations setting forth requirements for rehabilitation programs which provide for the identification and opportunity for treatment of operators of commercial motor vehicles who are determined to have used, in violation of law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance. The Secretary shall determine the circumstances under which such operators shall be required to participate in such program. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a motor carrier from establishing a program under this subsection in cooperation with any other motor carrier. "(d) PROCEDURES FOR TESTING.--In establishing the program required under subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall develop requirements which shall-- "(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimen samples; "(2) with respect to laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any subsequent amendments thereto, including mandatory guidelines which-- "(A) establish comprehensive standards for all aspects of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this section, including standards which require the use of the best available technology for ensuring the full reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimen samples collected for controlled substances testing; "(B) establish the minimum list of controlled substances for which individuals may be tested; and "(C) establish appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this section; "(3) require that all laboratories involved in the testing of any individual under this section shall have the capability and facility, at such laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests; "(4) provide that all tests which indicate the use, in violation of law or Federal regulation, of alcohol or a controlled substance by any individual shall be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative data regarding alcohol or a controlled substance; "(5) provide that each specimen sample be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested individual and that a portion thereof be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that in the event the individual's confirmation test results are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained portion assayed by a confirmation test done independently at a second certified laboratory if the individual requests the independent test within 3 days after being advised of the results of the confirmation test; "(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations as may be necessary and in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services; "(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (other than information relating to alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that the provisions of this paragraph shall not preclude the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this section; and "(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances. "(e) EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS.-- "(1) STATE AND LOCAL LAW AND REGULATIONS.--No State or local government shall adopt or have in effect any law, rule, regulation, ordinance, standard, or order that is inconsistent with the regulations issued under this section, except that the regulations issued under this section shall not be construed to preempt provisions of State criminal law which impose sanctions for reckless conduct leading to actual loss of life, injury, or damage to property, whether the provisions apply specifically to commercial motor vehicle employees, or to the general public. "(2) OTHER REGULATIONS ISSUED BY SECRETARY.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the discretion of the Secretary to continue in force, amend, or further supplement any regulations governing the use of alcohol or controlled substances by commercial motor vehicle employees issued before the date of enactment of this section. "(3) INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS.--In issuing regulations under this section, the Secretary shall only establish requirements that are consistent with the international obligations of the United States, and the Secretary shall take into consideration any applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries. "(f) APPLICATION OF PENALTIES.-- "(1) EFFECT ON OTHER PENALTIES.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to supersede any penalty applicable to the operator of a commercial motor vehicle under this title or any other provision of law.. "(2) DETERMINATION OF SANCTIONS.--The Secretary shall determine appropriate sanctions for commercial motor vehicle operators who are determined, as a result of tests conducted and confirmed under this section, to have used, in violation of law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance but are not under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance as provide in this title. "(g) DEFINITION.--(1) For the purposes of this section, the term 'controlled substance' means any substance under section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)) specified by the Secretary.". (2) The table of contents of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-570; 100 Stat. 5223) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following: "Sec. 12020. Alcohol and controlled substances testing.". (3) The Secretary shall design within 9 months after the date of enactment of this subsection, and implement within 15 months after the date of enactment of this subsection, a pilot test program for the purpose of testing the operators of commercial motor vehicles on a random basis to determine whether an operator has used, in violation of law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance. The pilot test program shall be administered as part of the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program. (4) The Secretary shall solicit the participation of State which are interested in participating in such program and shall select four States to participate in the program. (5) The Secretary shall ensure that the states selected pursuant to this section are representative of varying geographical and population characteristics of the Nation and that the selection takes into consideration the historical geographical incidence of commercial motor vehicle accidents involving loss of human life. (6) The pilot program authorized by this section shall continue for a period of one year. The Secretary shall consider alternative methodologies for implementing a system of random testing of operators of commercial motor vehicles. (7) Not later than 30 months after the date of enactment of this section, the Secretary shall prepare and submit to the Congress a comprehensive report setting forth the results of the pilot program conducted under this subsection. Such report shall include any recommendations of the Secretary concerning the desirability and implementation of a system for the random testing of operators of commercial motor vehicles. (8) For the purposes of carrying out this subsection, there shall be available to the Secretary $5,000,000 from funds made available to carry out section 404 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (49 App. U.S.C. 2304) for fiscal year 1990. (9) For the purposes of this subsection, the term "commercial motor vehicle" shall have the meaning given to such term in section 12019(6) of the Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1986 (49 App. U.S.C. 2716(6)). (f) AMENDMENT OF THE URBAN MASS TRANSPORTATION ACT.--The Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new section: "ALCOHOL AND CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES TESTING "SEC. 26. (a) REGULATIONS.--The Secretary shall, in the interest of mass transportation safety, issue regulations within 12 months after the date of enactment of this section. Such regulations shall establish a program which requires each recipient of assistance under this Act to conduct preemployment, reasonable suspicion, random, and postaccident testing of the operators of mass transportation vehicles for use, in violation of law or Federal regulation, of alcohol or a controlled substance. The Secretary may also issue regulations, as the Secretary considers appropriate in the interest of safety, for the conduct of periodic recurring testing of such operators for such use in violation of law or Federal regulation. "(b) POSTACCIDENT TESTING.--In issuing such regulations, the Secretary shall require that postaccident testing of the operator of a mass transportation vehicle be conducted in the case of any accident involving a mass transportation vehicle in which occurs loss of human life, or, as determined by the Secretary, other serious accidents involving bodily injury or significant property damage. "(c) PROGRAM FOR REHABILITATION.--The Secretary shall issue regulations setting forth requirements for rehabilitation programs which provide for the identification and opportunity for treatment of operators of mass transportation vehicles who are determined to have used, in violation of law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance. The Secretary shall determine the circumstances under which such operators shall be required to participate in such a program. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude a recipient from establishing a program under this subsection in cooperation with any other recipient. "(d) PROCEDURES FOR TESTING.--In establishing the program required under subsection (a) of this section, the Secretary shall develop requirements which shall-- "(1) promote, to the maximum extent practicable, individual privacy in the collection of specimen samples; "(2) with respect to laboratories and testing procedures for controlled substances, incorporate the Department of Health and Human Services scientific and technical guidelines dated April 11, 1988, and any subsequent amendments thereto, including mandatory guidelines which-- "(A) establish comprehensive standards for all aspects of laboratory controlled substances testing and laboratory procedures to be applied in carrying out this section, including standards which require the use of the best available technology for ensuring the full reliability and accuracy of controlled substances tests and strict procedures governing the chain of custody of specimen samples collected for controlled substances testing; "(B) establish the minimum list of controlled substances for which individuals may be tested; and "(C) establish appropriate standards and procedures for periodic review of laboratories and criteria for certification and revocation of certification of laboratories to perform controlled substances testing in carrying out this section; "(3) require that all laboratories involved in the testing of any individual under this section shall have the capability and facility, at such laboratory, of performing screening and confirmation tests; "(4) provide that all tests which indicate the use, in violation of law or Federal regulation, of alcohol or a controlled substance by any individual shall be confirmed by a scientifically recognized method of testing capable of providing quantitative data regarding alcohol or a controlled substance; "(5) provide that each specimen sample be subdivided, secured, and labeled in the presence of the tested individual and that a portion thereof be retained in a secure manner to prevent the possibility of tampering, so that in the event the individual's confirmation test results are positive the individual has an opportunity to have the retained portion assayed by a confirmation test done independently at a second certified laboratory if the individual requests the independent test within 3 days after being advised of the results of the confirmation test; "(6) ensure appropriate safeguards for testing to detect and quantify alcohol in breath and body fluid samples, including urine and blood, through the development of regulations as may be necessary and in consultation with the Department of Health and Human Services; "(7) provide for the confidentiality of test results and medical information (other than information relating to alcohol or a controlled substance) of employees, except that the provisions of this paragraph shall not preclude the use of test results for the orderly imposition of appropriate sanctions under this section; and "(8) ensure that employees are selected for tests by nondiscriminatory and impartial methods, so that no employee is harassed by being treated differently from other employees in similar circumstances. "(e) EFFECT ON OTHER LAWS AND REGULATIONS.-- "(1) STATE AND LOCAL LAW AND REGULATIONS.--No State or local government shall adopt or have in effect any law, rule, regulation, ordinance, standard, or order that is inconsistent with the regulations issued under this section, except that the regulations issued under this section shall not be construed to preempt provisions of State criminal law which impose sanctions for reckless conduct leading to actual loss of life, injury, or damage to property. "(2) OTHER REGULATIONS ISSUED BY SECRETARY.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to restrict the discretion of the Secretary to continue in force, amend, or further supplement any regulations governing the use of alcohol or controlled substances by mass transportation employees issued before the date of enactment of this section. "(3) INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS.--In issuing regulations under this section, the Secretary shall only establish requirements that are consistent with the international obligations of the United States, and the Secretary shall take into consideration any applicable laws and regulations of foreign countries. "(f) APPLICATION OF PENALTIES.-- "(1) EFFECT ON OTHER PENALTIES.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to supersede any penalty applicable under this title or any other provision of law.. "(2) DETERMINATION OF SANCTIONS.--The Secretary shall determine appropriate sanctions for mass transportation vehicle operators who are determined, as a result of tests conducted and confirmed under this section, to have used, in violation of law or Federal regulation, alcohol or a controlled substance but are not under the influence of alcohol or a controlled substance as provide in this title. "(g) DEFINITION.--(1) For the purposes of this section, the term 'controlled substance' means any substance under section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802(6)) specified by the Secretary.". SEC. 208. MONETARY AWARDS FOR CERTAIN INFORMATION RELATING TO THE UNLAWFUL SALE OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES. Section 524z(c)(1) of title 28, United States Code is amended-- (1) by striking "Justice--" and inserting "Justice:"; (2) in subparagraph (A)-- (A) by striking "the" in the first place it appears and inserting "The"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; and (3) in subparagraph (B)-- (A) by striking "the" the first place it appears and inserting "The"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; and (4) in subparagraph (C)-- (A) by striking "the" the first place it appears and inserting "The"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; (5) in subparagraph (D)-- (A) by striking "the" the first place it appears and inserting "The"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; (6) in subparagraph (E)-- (A) by striking "disbursements" and inserting "Disbursements"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; (7) in subparagraph (F)-- (A) by striking "for" the first place it appears and inserting "For"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; (8) in subparagraph (G)-- (A) by striking "for" the first place it appears and inserting "For"; and (B) by striking the semicolon at the end and inserting a period; (9) in subparagraph (H)-- (A) by striking "after" and inserting "After"; (B) by striking "(H)" and inserting "(I)"; and (10) by inserting after subparagraph (G) the following: "(H)(i) For the payment of an award to any person or persons who provide information leading to the arrest and conviction under Federal law of any individual or individuals for the unlawful sale, or possession for sale, of a controlled substance or a controlled substance analogue. The aggregate amount of such award shall be equal to 50 percent of the fair market value (as of the date of forfeiture) of all property forfeited to the United States as a result of such conviction and pursuant to a law enforced or administered by the Department of Justice: _Provided_, That payment of such awards shall not reduce the amount of such moneys or property available for distribution to State and local law enforcement agencies. "(ii) For the payment to the State or States in which the Federal offense was committed by such individual or individuals, of an incentive award to encourage such State or States, at their option, to establish a program (including outreach) to pay rewards to persons who provide information leading to the arrest and conviction under State law of individuals for the unlawful sale, or possession for sale, of controlled substances or controlled substance analogues. The aggregate amount of such incentive award shall be equal to 5 percent of the fair market value (as of the date of forfeiture) of all property forfeited to the United States as a result of the convictions referred to in clause (i) and pursuant to a law enforced or administered by the Department of Justice. "(iii) For the purposes of this subparagraph-- "(I) the term 'controlled substance' has the meaning stated in section 102(6) of the Controlled Substances Act; "(II) the term 'controlled substance analogue' has the meaning stated in section 102(32) of the Controlled Substances Act; and "(III) the term 'individual' does not include an individual who is convicted under Federal or State law for the unlawful sale, or possession for sale, of a controlled substance or a controlled substances analogue.". TITLE III--AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS SEC. 301. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this Act. SEC. 302. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this Act or any amendment made by this Act, or the application of any such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the validity of any other such provision or amendment, and the application of such provisions or amendment to other persons and circumstances, shall not be affected thereby. extracted from: YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE 1927 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-c.1928 pages 358-361 HEMP Varieties of Improved Type are Result of Selection. Methods of hemp selection devised in 1913 have been followed since with only slight modifications. The plots of different strains are placed as far apart as possible (40 rods or more) to avoid cross-pollination. The seed is sown early in April in drills 6 feet apart. The plants are cultivated as soon as the rows can be seen and about four times later. In June the plants are thinned to 10 to 15 inches apart in the drill. As soon as the staminate buds can be distinguished in August the plots are rogued. All plants of poor type are removed, and superfluous staminate plants are cut out. In September, when the plants have attained full size and the staminate plants have shed their pollen, notes and measurements are recorded for each pistillate plant as follows: Diameter, number of nodes and height to alternate branches (from which to compute length of internodes), total height, notes as to divergence from type. The tallest and best plants are tagged with their numbers and covered with a cheesecloth sack to protect the seeds from birds. The plants are harvested late in October and the seed is threshed (beaten off) about a week later. The seed of each selected plant is cleaned separately by means of a small fanning mill. The seed from the other plants is cleaned and sent in small quantities to hempseed growers. One pound, containing about 27,000 seeds, is sufficient to plant an acre of seed hemp with hills 5 feet apart each way. The selected individual plants are subjected to further competition based on length of internode, total height, and weight of seed, to determine which ones will be used for planting the following season. Each row in the selection plot is grown from the seed of an individual selected plant of the preceding year. Kymington The variety called Kymington (Kentucky-Minnesota-Washington, from the origin of the seed and places of development) is a result of successive individual selections from the progeny of the best single plant of Minnesota No. 8 grown in 1912. This mother plant was 10 feet 6 inches tall. The 311 plants in the initial plot of 1914, on clay loam upland at the Arlington Experiment Farm, averaged 9 feet 11 1/2 inches in height. (Fig. 105.-Initial selection plot of Kymington hemp, averaging 9 feet 11 1/2 inches in height, from seed of a single plant of Minnesota No. 8. Arlington Experiment Farm, 1914.) Each plant selected to furnish seed for the following year was taller than the mother plant of 1912. The average length of internodes in this initial plot was 4.37 inches. These measurements increased until 1923, when the average height was 16 feet 9 1/4 inches and the average length of internodes was 5.94 inches. (Fig. 106.-Kymington hemp, averaging 16 feet 9 1/4 inches in height, an increase of 60 per cent by nine generations of selection. Arlington Experiment Farm, 1923.) Since 1923 the measurements have declined somewhat, due in part to unfavorable soils and seasons, but in all instances the average measurements have been above those of the original plot, and in 1927 they were slightly better than in 1926. This variety has been grown extensively by Kentucky hempseed growers, some of whom have kept the seed pure. Chington The Chington (China-Washington) variety has been developed by successive individual selections from the progeny of a single plant in 1913. The seed was received from Hankow, China, through the Office of Foreign Plant Introduction and given the S.P.I. number 35251. It was planted in the testing garden, and unlike most of the numerous introductions of hempseed, it gave promise of value. It averaged 5 feet 11 inches in height, and the best single plant from which seed was saved was 10 feet 6 inches tall. Seed from this best plant was sown at the Arlington farm in 1914, and the annual selection has been continued. This strain also reached its greatest development in 1923, when it averaged 16 feet 8 inches in height with internodes averaging 6 1/2 inches. A few plants attained a height of 20 feet. Since 1923 the measurements have declined a little, though remaining always above those of the mother plant of 1913 and the average of the initial plot of 1914. With the slight reduction there is greater uniformity. The Chington variety has been grown extensively by hempseed growres in Kentucky, and in some instances efforts have been made to keep it pure. Large fields of fiber hemp sown with pure Chington seed are remarkably uniform and give good yields of excellent uniform fiber. Ferramington The Ferramington variety has been developed by successive selection from the progeny of a cross made in 1916. In that year a row of Ferrara, the best hemp of northern Italy, was grown in the plot of Kymington, and all of the Ferrara staminate plants were removed before thy shed any pollen. (Fig. 107.-Origin of Ferramington hemp. Row of Italian Ferrara pistillate or seed-bearing plants in plot of Kymington. Arlington Experiment Farm, 1916.) Seed from the best Ferrara plants was saved, and this has been grown and selected at the experiment station at Madison, Wis. The cross was made for the prupose fo combining the earliness and smaller diameter of stalks of the Italian hemp with the greater height and longer internodes of Kymington. This result has been achieved after many years of selection to eliminate diverse types from the progeny of the cross. This Ferramington has been tried in Wisconsin, where it gave a very good crop nearly two weeks earlier than the main hemp harvest. It has also been tried near Bologna, Italy, where it produced fiber fully equal in quality to that of the Ferrara hemp grown in the same field, and about 1 foot longer. Arlington The Arlington variety is being developed by successive selection of individual plants from the progeny of a cross made in 1919 between Kymington as a pistillate parent and Chington as the staminate parent. It shows increased vigor both in growth and in production of seed, and the stalks are slender and more elastic than those of any of the other varieties. It is a little earlier than either of the parent varieties, both of which are later than most of the hemp from unselected Kentucky seed. Lyster H. Dewey. WHAT'S NEW IN AGRICULTURE pages 91-94. ABACA Fiber Cleaning Machine Saves Work and Does Better Job. For more than a century the entire world supply of abaca or "manila hemp" fiber has been cleaned by a slow, laborious, and wasteful hand-stripping process. With the crude handmade implement that is used for this work (fig. 1.-Stripping abaca fiber by hand in the Philippine Islands. A ribbon or "tuxie" is pulled under a finely serrated knife, scraping away the pulp.) a man will ordinarily cleans from 20 to 25 pounds of fiber in a day, and it is estimated that the average abaca "stripper" cleans less than 2 tons of fiber as a year's work. The labor of more than 75,000 men has been required to do the work that can now be done with 350 machines. The disadvantages of cleaning abaca fiber by this antiquated method have not been limited to the unnecessary waste of labor. In the hand-stripping process there is loss of fiber both in the preliminary work of preparing the fiber ribbons and in the subsequent work of drawing these ribbons under the stripping knife, resulting in a total loss of about one-half the fiber in the stalk. As many different kinds of stripping knives are used, there has been no uniformity in the product, and it has been found necessary to establish more than 20 different commercial grades of abaca fiber. Large quantities of inferior fiber are produced by the hand-stripping process, and the annual production of "damaged" fiber, which is fiber of such poor quality that it can not be included in any of the recognized commercial grades, has amounted to nearly 25,000,000 pounds. United States Consumption 150,000,000 Pounds Abaca fiber is used principally for the manufacture of manila rope, and about 150,000,000 pounds of this fiber are consumed annually in the United States. The high production costs of abaca fiber, which are due largely to inefficient methods of cleaning, are reflected in the prices both of abaca fiber and of manila rope. During the five-year period from 1922 to 1926 there was a decrease of more than 6,000 tons in the annual imports of abaca fiber into the United States, while our annual bill for abaca increased during this same period nearly $9,000,000. It has long been recognized that, with increasing labor costs and growing competition from other cordage fibers, the hand-stripping method of cleaning abaca must eventually be replaced with a machine-cleaning process. During a period of at least 50 years repeated attempts have been made to perfect a machine for cleaning abaca. Machines of many different types have been constructed, only to be subsequently abandoned. The machine inventors, in most instances, have atttempted to construct a small machine that could be moved from place to place in the abaca fields and to devise a cleaning process that would be only a modified form of hand stripping. It now appears probable that large, permanently installed machines will be used for cleaning abaca fiber and that the stripping will be replaced by a beating process similar to that used for cleaning sisal fiber. During the early part of 1924 the United States Department of Agriculture conducted experiments in the Province of Cebu, in the Philippine Islands, to determine if abaca can be cleaned with the same machines that are used for cleaning sisal fiber. Twenty abaca stalks were brought from a plantation in the interior of the island to the coast town of Sibonga, where a sisal machine was located, and these stalks were cleaned with this machine. The fiber obtained in this first test was of inferior quality, but it was demonstrated that the machine would clean abaca. The results obtained indicated that with certain changes in adjustment it would be possible to clean a satisfactory quality of fiber with this machine. Tests Made in Mactan Island The data obtained in this experiment were furnished the agents for the machine, who made arrangements for conducting a more comprehensive series of tests with another machine of the same type that was located on the island of Mactan. One thousand stalks of abaca were brougt to this island from several different Provinces, and a series of experimental cleaning tests were made. Careful records were kept of this work, and the machine-cleaned fiber was sent to a cordage mill in the United States for mill tests. The results obtained in these experiments were so promising that early in 1925 this machine was moved to the Province of Davao, in the island of Mindanao, where it was installed on an abaca plantation. The experimental work was continued at this place until it had been fully demonstrated that this machine could be economically operated in a commercial way on an abaca plantation. During 1926 one of the largest abaca plantation companies in the Philippine Islands purchased and installed on its plantation one of these machines, which has since been in regular operation. (Fig. 2.-Mill for cleaning abaca. The fiber-cleaning machine is mounted on the second floor to facilitate the removal of the bagasse, which comprises more than 95 per cent of the raw material.) While this work has been in progress in the Philippine Islands, a plantation company in Sumatra has developed another abaca-cleaning machine. The Sumatra machines are of the same general type as those that are being used in the Philiippines, and machine-cleaned abaca of good quality is now being produced in commercial quantities both in the Philippine Islands and in Sumatra. Advantages of Machine Method The more important advantages in the use of these large machines for cleaning abaca fiber are the reduction in the labor required, the increase in the quantity of fiber obtained from a given quantity of raw material, and the production of a fiber of uniform quality. The use of large, automatic machines for cleaning abaca fiber will entirely eliminate the preliminary work of preparing the fiber ribbons which requires as much labor as the actual work of stripping; it will eliminate at least 50 per cent of the waste of fiber; and it will greatly simplify the present complicated system of grading abaca fiber. The pioneer work with abaca-cleaning machines has been done, but there still remains a number of problems to be solved. Improvements can undoubtedly be made in the machine itself, and the methods of drying and brushing the fiber are yet to be perfected. The change from the old hand-cleaning methods to the new system of machine cleaning will require an almost complete reorganization of the abaca industry. This will be a difficult work and one that can not be accomplished in a short period of time. It is a change that must be made, however, if the Philippine Islands are to compete successfully with other countries in the production of abaca fiber. H.T. Edwards. page 1125. FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Manila fiber imported into the United States: Total; 1924-98,000tons, 1925-73,000tons, 1926-62,000tons, 1927-61,000tons. Being about 98% from Philippine Islands, and 2% from other countries. Sisal and henequen fibers imported into the United States: Total; 1924-97,000tons, 1925-146,000tons, 1926-126,000tons, 1927-116,000tons. Being about 70% from Mexico, 17% from Dutch East Indies, and 13% from other countries. extracted from: BOTANY (An Introduction to Plant Science). Wilfred W. Robbins, T. Elliot Weier c. 1950 page 151. The leaves of a few plants yield commercial quantities of textile fiber; among such are Manila hemp, sisal, Mauritius hemp, and New Zealand hemp. Important dyestuffs, such as indigo, chlorophyll, henna, and woad, are secured from leaves. extracted from: Our Living World (A Source of Biological Nature Study) Eliot Rowland Downing c. 1924 page 245. The Indian Hemp is closely related to the dogbane. It is a sturdy, upright, branching plant, one to two feet tall. The leaves are opposite, twice the size of those of the dogbane. It yields a strong fiber that the aboriginies used to make string. page 275. Wild hemp, quite different fro the Indian hemp previously described, is a rough, branching plant, three to ten feet tall, with both opposite and alternate leaves, which appear palmately compound, the cutting is so deep. There are five to eleven lobes springing from a common point and each lobe is narrow and coarsely toothed. The flower are in elongate axillary clusters and the fruits look like spikes of grain or grass seed. extracted from: The Shell Country Book; by Geoffrey Grigson, c. 1962 page 232 Hemp Agrimony, among perennials, is not an unpleasant plant for a herbaceous border (particularly in districts where it is not too abundantly familiar along the roads): its pinkish flowers attract Red Admirals, Tortoiseshells, Peacocks, Tiger Moths, etc. ******************** For FREE recorded information about how hemp can save the world, use a touch tone phone and call 303/470-1100 Hemp Information Hotline. ******************** extracted from: YEARBOOK OF AGRICULTURE 1927 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE-c.1928 pages 358-361 HEMP Varieties of Improved Type are Result of Selection. Methods of hemp selection devised in 1913 have been followed since with only slight modifications. The plots of different strains are placed as far apart as possible (40 rods or more) to avoid cross-pollination. The seed is sown early in April in drills 6 feet apart. The plants are cultivated as soon as the rows can be seen and about four times later. In June the plants are thinned to 10 to 15 inches apart in the drill. As soon as the staminate buds can be distinguished in August the plots are rogued. All plants of poor type are removed, and superfluous staminate plants are cut out. In September, when the plants have attained full size and the staminate plants have shed their pollen, notes and measurements are recorded for each pistillate plant as follows: Diameter, number of nodes and height to alternate branches (from which to compute length of internodes), total height, notes as to divergence from type. The tallest and best plants are tagged with their numbers and covered with a cheesecloth sack to protect the seeds from birds. The plants are harvested late in October and the seed is threshed (beaten off) about a week later. The seed of each selected plant is cleaned separately by means of a small fanning mill. The seed from the other plants is cleaned and sent in small quantities to hempseed growers. One pound, containing about 27,000 seeds, is sufficient to plant an acre of seed hemp with hills 5 feet apart each way. The selected individual plants are subjected to further competition based on length of internode, total height, and weight of seed, to determine which ones will be used for planting the following season. Each row in the selection plot is grown from the seed of an individual selected plant of the preceding year. Kymington The variety called Kymington (Kentucky-Minnesota-Washington, from the origin of the seed and places of development) is a result of successive individual selections from the progeny of the best single plant of Minnesota No. 8 grown in 1912. This mother plant was 10 feet 6 inches tall. The 311 plants in the initial plot of 1914, on clay loam upland at the Arlington Experiment Farm, averaged 9 feet 11 1/2 inches in height. (Fig. 105.-Initial selection plot of Kymington hemp, averaging 9 feet 11 1/2 inches in height, from seed of a single plant of Minnesota No. 8. Arlington Experiment Farm, 1914.) Each plant selected to furnish seed for the following year was taller than the mother plant of 1912. The average length of internodes in this initial plot was 4.37 inches. These measurements increased until 1923, when the average height was 16 feet 9 1/4 inches and the average length of internodes was 5.94 inches. (Fig. 106.-Kymington hemp, averaging 16 feet 9 1/4 inches in height, an increase of 60 per cent by nine generations of selection. Arlington Experiment Farm, 1923.) Since 1923 the measurements have declined somewhat, due in part to unfavorable soils and seasons, but in all instances the average measurements have been above those of the original plot, and in 1927 they were slightly better than in 1926. This variety has been grown extensively by Kentucky hempseed growers, some of whom have kept the seed pure. Chington The Chington (China-Washington) variety has been developed by successive individual selections from the progeny of a single plant in 1913. The seed was received from Hankow, China, through the Office of Foreign Plant Introduction and given the S.P.I. number 35251. It was planted in the testing garden, and unlike most of the numerous introductions of hempseed, it gave promise of value. It averaged 5 feet 11 inches in height, and the best single plant from which seed was saved was 10 feet 6 inches tall. Seed from this best plant was sown at the Arlington farm in 1914, and the annual selection has been continued. This strain also reached its greatest development in 1923, when it averaged 16 feet 8 inches in height with internodes averaging 6 1/2 inches. A few plants attained a height of 20 feet. Since 1923 the measurements have declined a little, though remaining always above those of the mother plant of 1913 and the average of the initial plot of 1914. With the slight reduction there is greater uniformity. The Chington variety has been grown extensively by hempseed growres in Kentucky, and in some instances efforts have been made to keep it pure. Large fields of fiber hemp sown with pure Chington seed are remarkably uniform and give good yields of excellent uniform fiber. Ferramington The Ferramington variety has been developed by successive selection from the progeny of a cross made in 1916. In that year a row of Ferrara, the best hemp of northern Italy, was grown in the plot of Kymington, and all of the Ferrara staminate plants were removed before thy shed any pollen. (Fig. 107.-Origin of Ferramington hemp. Row of Italian Ferrara pistillate or seed-bearing plants in plot of Kymington. Arlington Experiment Farm, 1916.) Seed from the best Ferrara plants was saved, and this has been grown and selected at the experiment station at Madison, Wis. The cross was made for the prupose fo combining the earliness and smaller diameter of stalks of the Italian hemp with the greater height and longer internodes of Kymington. This result has been achieved after many years of selection to eliminate diverse types from the progeny of the cross. This Ferramington has been tried in Wisconsin, where it gave a very good crop nearly two weeks earlier than the main hemp harvest. It has also been tried near Bologna, Italy, where it produced fiber fully equal in quality to that of the Ferrara hemp grown in the same field, and about 1 foot longer. Arlington The Arlington variety is being developed by successive selection of individual plants from the progeny of a cross made in 1919 between Kymington as a pistillate parent and Chington as the staminate parent. It shows increased vigor both in growth and in production of seed, and the stalks are slender and more elastic than those of any of the other varieties. It is a little earlier than either of the parent varieties, both of which are later than most of the hemp from unselected Kentucky seed. Lyster H. Dewey. WHAT'S NEW IN AGRICULTURE pages 91-94. ABACA Fiber Cleaning Machine Saves Work and Does Better Job. For more than a century the entire world supply of abaca or "manila hemp" fiber has been cleaned by a slow, laborious, and wasteful hand-stripping process. With the crude handmade implement that is used for this work (fig. 1.-Stripping abaca fiber by hand in the Philippine Islands. A ribbon or "tuxie" is pulled under a finely serrated knife, scraping away the pulp.) a man will ordinarily cleans from 20 to 25 pounds of fiber in a day, and it is estimated that the average abaca "stripper" cleans less than 2 tons of fiber as a year's work. The labor of more than 75,000 men has been required to do the work that can now be done with 350 machines. The disadvantages of cleaning abaca fiber by this antiquated method have not been limited to the unnecessary waste of labor. In the hand-stripping process there is loss of fiber both in the preliminary work of preparing the fiber ribbons and in the subsequent work of drawing these ribbons under the stripping knife, resulting in a total loss of about one-half the fiber in the stalk. As many different kinds of stripping knives are used, there has been no uniformity in the product, and it has been found necessary to establish more than 20 different commercial grades of abaca fiber. Large quantities of inferior fiber are produced by the hand-stripping process, and the annual production of "damaged" fiber, which is fiber of such poor quality that it can not be included in any of the recognized commercial grades, has amounted to nearly 25,000,000 pounds. United States Consumption 150,000,000 Pounds Abaca fiber is used principally for the manufacture of manila rope, and about 150,000,000 pounds of this fiber are consumed annually in the United States. The high production costs of abaca fiber, which are due largely to inefficient methods of cleaning, are reflected in the prices both of abaca fiber and of manila rope. During the five-year period from 1922 to 1926 there was a decrease of more than 6,000 tons in the annual imports of abaca fiber into the United States, while our annual bill for abaca increased during this same period nearly $9,000,000. It has long been recognized that, with increasing labor costs and growing competition from other cordage fibers, the hand-stripping method of cleaning abaca must eventually be replaced with a machine-cleaning process. During a period of at least 50 years repeated attempts have been made to perfect a machine for cleaning abaca. Machines of many different types have been constructed, only to be subsequently abandoned. The machine inventors, in most instances, have atttempted to construct a small machine that could be moved from place to place in the abaca fields and to devise a cleaning process that would be only a modified form of hand stripping. It now appears probable that large, permanently installed machines will be used for cleaning abaca fiber and that the stripping will be replaced by a beating process similar to that used for cleaning sisal fiber. During the early part of 1924 the United States Department of Agriculture conducted experiments in the Province of Cebu, in the Philippine Islands, to determine if abaca can be cleaned with the same machines that are used for cleaning sisal fiber. Twenty abaca stalks were brought from a plantation in the interior of the island to the coast town of Sibonga, where a sisal machine was located, and these stalks were cleaned with this machine. The fiber obtained in this first test was of inferior quality, but it was demonstrated that the machine would clean abaca. The results obtained indicated that with certain changes in adjustment it would be possible to clean a satisfactory quality of fiber with this machine. Tests Made in Mactan Island The data obtained in this experiment were furnished the agents for the machine, who made arrangements for conducting a more comprehensive series of tests with another machine of the same type that was located on the island of Mactan. One thousand stalks of abaca were brougt to this island from several different Provinces, and a series of experimental cleaning tests were made. Careful records were kept of this work, and the machine-cleaned fiber was sent to a cordage mill in the United States for mill tests. The results obtained in these experiments were so promising that early in 1925 this machine was moved to the Province of Davao, in the island of Mindanao, where it was installed on an abaca plantation. The experimental work was continued at this place until it had been fully demonstrated that this machine could be economically operated in a commercial way on an abaca plantation. During 1926 one of the largest abaca plantation companies in the Philippine Islands purchased and installed on its plantation one of these machines, which has since been in regular operation. (Fig. 2.-Mill for cleaning abaca. The fiber-cleaning machine is mounted on the second floor to facilitate the removal of the bagasse, which comprises more than 95 per cent of the raw material.) While this work has been in progress in the Philippine Islands, a plantation company in Sumatra has developed another abaca-cleaning machine. The Sumatra machines are of the same general type as those that are being used in the Philiippines, and machine-cleaned abaca of good quality is now being produced in commercial quantities both in the Philippine Islands and in Sumatra. Advantages of Machine Method The more important advantages in the use of these large machines for cleaning abaca fiber are the reduction in the labor required, the increase in the quantity of fiber obtained from a given quantity of raw material, and the production of a fiber of uniform quality. The use of large, automatic machines for cleaning abaca fiber will entirely eliminate the preliminary work of preparing the fiber ribbons which requires as much labor as the actual work of stripping; it will eliminate at least 50 per cent of the waste of fiber; and it will greatly simplify the present complicated system of grading abaca fiber. The pioneer work with abaca-cleaning machines has been done, but there still remains a number of problems to be solved. Improvements can undoubtedly be made in the machine itself, and the methods of drying and brushing the fiber are yet to be perfected. The change from the old hand-cleaning methods to the new system of machine cleaning will require an almost complete reorganization of the abaca industry. This will be a difficult work and one that can not be accomplished in a short period of time. It is a change that must be made, however, if the Philippine Islands are to compete successfully with other countries in the production of abaca fiber. H.T. Edwards. page 1125. FOREIGN TRADE IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS Manila fiber imported into the United States: Total; 1924-98,000tons, 1925-73,000tons, 1926-62,000tons, 1927-61,000tons. Being about 98% from Philippine Islands, and 2% from other countries. Sisal and henequen fibers imported into the United States: Total; 1924-97,000tons, 1925-146,000tons, 1926-126,000tons, 1927-116,000tons. Being about 70% from Mexico, 17% from Dutch East Indies, and 13% from other countries. extracted from: BOTANY (An Introduction to Plant Science). Wilfred W. Robbins, T. Elliot Weier c. 1950 page 151. The leaves of a few plants yield commercial quantities of textile fiber; among such are Manila hemp, sisal, Mauritius hemp, and New Zealand hemp. Important dyestuffs, such as indigo, chlorophyll, henna, and woad, are secured from leaves. extracted from: Our Living World (A Source of Biological Nature Study) Eliot Rowland Downing c. 1924 page 245. The Indian Hemp is closely related to the dogbane. It is a sturdy, upright, branching plant, one to two feet tall. The leaves are opposite, twice the size of those of the dogbane. It yields a strong fiber that the aboriginies used to make string. page 275. Wild hemp, quite different fro the Indian hemp previously described, is a rough, branching plant, three to ten feet tall, with both opposite and alternate leaves, which appear palmately compound, the cutting is so deep. There are five to eleven lobes springing from a common point and each lobe is narrow and coarsely toothed. The flower are in elongate axillary clusters and the fruits look like spikes of grain or grass seed. extracted from: The Shell Country Book; by Geoffrey Grigson, c. 1962 page 232 Hemp Agrimony, among perennials, is not an unpleasant plant for a herbaceous border (particularly in districts where it is not too abundantly familiar along the roads): its pinkish flowers attract Red Admirals, Tortoiseshells, Peacocks, Tiger Moths, etc. extracted from the C.A.R.L. on-line encyclopedia TITLE: hemp Hemp is a tall, annual plant, Cannabis sativa, cultivated for its fibers and seed oil, and for the drug products MARIJUANA and hashish. Native to Asia, the plant is now widely cultivated for its fiber in the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Italy, and for its drug products principally in the Middle East, India, Mexico, and North Africa. The strong, flat bast fibers of the hemp plant range in length from 1 to 2.5 m (3 to 8 ft). The fibers are removed from the stem by a process similar to that used for FLAX. Because hemp fibers are less elastic and more difficult to bleach than flax, they are used only in rough fabrics such as sacking. Because they resist water better than any other natural vegetable fiber, hemp fibers were once extensively used for ropes, hammocks, and cables. Today, synthetic fibers have largely replaced hemp for cordage. The drug hashish is made from resin extracted from the female flowers of the hemp plant. Marijuana is made from the dried, chopped flowers, leaves, and stems. Both drugs are considered narcotics in the United States, and, as a control measure, legislation prohibits the possession of the hemp plant or its products (except for hempseed and hemp oil). The name hemp also refers to the plants abaca (Manila hemp), sisal, and sunn, all of which have similar fibers. Abaca is the strongest; its outer fibers are used for cordage, and its fine inner fibers for hats, hammocks, and curtain fabrics. Sisal, second in strength, is used for cordage, summer rugs, and brushes. Sunn, the least strong, is made into stout twine, rope, rug yarns, and coarse cloth. It is also used in papermaking. ISABEL B. WINGATE TITLE: marijuana Marijuana (also spelled marihuana) is the common name given to any DRUG preparation from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Various forms of this drug are known by different names throughout the world, such as kif in Morocco, dagga in South Africa, and ganja in India. Hashish refers to a dried, resinous substance that exudes from the flowering tops of the plant. In Western culture, cannabis preparations have acquired a variety of slang names, including grass, pot, tea, reefer, weed, and Mary Jane. Cannabis has been smoked, eaten in cakes, and drunk in beverages. In Western cultures marijuana is prepared most often as a tobaccolike mixture that is smoked in a pipe or rolled into a cigarette. One of the oldest known drugs, cannabis was acknowledged as early as 2700 B.C. in a Chinese manuscript. Throughout the centuries it has been used both medicinally and as an intoxicant. The major psychoactive component of this drug, however, was not identified until the mid-1960s; this ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. At present, other cannabiniods have been isolated and their possible biochemical activities are being explored. Psychoactive compounds are found in all parts of the male and female plant, with the greatest concentration in the flowering tops. The content of these active compounds varies greatly from plant to plant, depending on genetic and environmental factors. Marijuana has its major physiological effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems; these effects are primarily sedative and hallucinogenic. Low doses psychologically produce a sense of well-being, relaxation, and sleepiness. Higher doses cause mild sensory distortions, altered time sense, loss of short-term memory, loss of balance, and difficulty in completing thought processes. Even higher doses can result in psychosis, along with hallucinations, loss of insight, delusions, and paranoia. Physiologically, the heart rate increases and blood vessels of the eye dilate, causing reddening. Also, a feeling of tightness in the chest may occur, as well as a lack of muscular coordination. Tolerance to some effects of marijuana occurs in animals; there is some clinical evidence that tolerance develops in humans. Studies have not determined whether physical dependence results. Medical use for cannabis preparations is being tried for the treatment of the eye disease glaucoma. Another possible use of marijuana is to prevent the nausea and vomiting that accompanies cancer chemotherapy. The use of marijuana as an intoxicant in the United States became a problem of public concern in the 1930s. Regulatory laws were passed in 1937, and criminal penalties were instituted for possession and sale of the botanical drug. In 1968 the possession and sale of THC, the psychoactive chemical component, was restricted to research. In the 1970s marijuana use became widespread. A survey in 1979 found that 43 million Americans have tried marijuana, and that 16 million are current users. Penalties decreased and possible legalization of marijuana as a recreational drug was under consideration. CHARLES W. GORODETZKY Bibliography: Abel, Ernest L., comp., The Scientific Study of Marihuana (1975); Bloomquist, Edward R., Marijuana (1968); Bonnie, Richard J., and Whitehead, Charles H., The Marihuana Conviction (1974); Grinspoon, Lester, Marihuana Reconsidered, 2d ed. (1977); Kaplan, John, Marihuana (1970); Merlin, Mark D., Man and Marihuana (1972); Snyder, Solomon H., Uses of Marihuana (1971); Tart, Charles T., On Being Stoned (1971); Waller, Coy W., et al., Marihuana (1976). TITLE: manila ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ...Commercial crops, led by coconuts and sugarcane, include bananas, pineapples, abaca (Manila hemp), tobacco, coffee, and cotton....In 1942, during World War II, the Japanese took Manila. When it was recaptured by U.S. forces in 1945 it suffered heavy damage.... extracted from: ENCYCLOPEDCIA OF THE GREAT QUOTATIONS A unique anthology, devoted to the nature of man and dedicated to "the illimitable freedom of the human mind." compiled by George Seldes "...a collection of man's best thinking..." c.1960 William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) American newspaper publisher "Please realize that the first duty of newspaper men is to get the news and PRINT THE NEWS." Requoted in Editor & Publisher, August 12, 1944. "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war." Cable to Frederic Remington, artist, in Cuba, 1898. "We hold that the greatest right in the world is the right to be wrong, that in the exercise thereof people have an inviolable right to express their unbridled thoughts on all topics and personalities, being liable only for the abuse of that right." Platform, Independence League; N.Y. Journal, February 1, 1924. "We hold that no person or set of persons can properly establish a standard of expression for others." Ibid. "What has become of the descendants of the irresponsible adventurers, the scapegrace sons, the bond servants, the redemptionists and the indentured maidens, the undesirables, and even the criminals, which made up -not all, of course, but nevertheless a considerable part of- the earliest emigrants to these virgin countries? They have become the leaders of the thought of the world, the vanguard in the march of progress, the inspirers of liberty, the creators of national prosperity, the sponsors of universal education and enlightenment." Communication to the American Crime Study Commission, May 19, 1929. "The NARROW-MINDED BIGOTS have given to this country and to the world freedom of speech, freedom of thought and action and redigious liberty." Ibid. "Any man who has the brains to think and the nerve to act for the benefit of the people of the country is considered a radical by those who are content with stagnation and willing to endure disaster." Interview, Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 24, 1932. "A politician will do anything to keep his job- even become a patriot." Editorial, August 28, 1933. "SEVENTH, the text of a newspaper must tell the news. The headlines must tell the news. The pictures must tell the news. The subheads and subtitles must tell the news. Please see that the newspapers perform this function." Instructions to E. D. Coblentz, March 1, 1938. "When free discussion is denied, hardening of the arteries of democracy has set in, free institutions are but a lifeless form, and the death of the republic is at hand." 'In the News,' June 13, 1941. "Whatever is right can be achieved through the irresistible power of awakened and informed public opinion. Our object, therefore, is not to enquire whether a thing can be done, but whether it ought to be done, to so exert the forces of publicity that public opinion will compel it to be done." Advertisement, N.Y. Herald Tribune, August 19, 1946. "According to American principle and practice the public is the ruler of the State, and in order to rule rightly it should be informed correctly." N.Y. Journal-American, November 11, 1954. Hearst published a daily quotation on his editorial pages; after his death a daily quotation from his writings was published. W.R.Hearst died owning over 20 newspapers with which he greatly influenced the vast public of early days to outlaw marijuana using bigotry and views of racism to protect his newspaper monopoly in fear of the growing threat that hemp would one day replace trees as a source of paper, thus, the Marijuana Tax Act was passed after its congressional introduction by his accomplices who held seats at the head of our nation. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) English writer "The vast majority of human beings dislike and even actually dread all notions with which they are not familiar....Hence it comes about that at their first appearance innovators have generally been persecuted, and always derided as fools and madmen." Proper Studies. "That all men are equal is a proposition to which, at ordinary times, no sane individual has ever given his assent." Ibid. "Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored." Ibid. Success -"the bitch-goddess, Success" in William James's phrase- demands strange sacrifices from those who worship her." Ibid. "Facts are ventriloquists' dummies. Sitting on a wise man's knee they may be made to utter words of wisdom; elsewhere, they say nothing, or talk nonsense, or indulge in sheer diabolism." Mr. Huxley "can't remember the source of this quotation." "If we must play the theological game, let us never forget that it is a game. Religion, it seems to me, can survive only as a consciously accepted system of make-believe." Ibid. "Luckily the majority of nominal Christians has at no time taken the Christian ideal very seriously; if it had, the races and the civilization of the West would long ago have come to an end." Cardiff, What Great Men Think of Religion. "You can produce plenty of goods without much freedom, but the whole creative life of man is ultimately impossible without a considerable measure of individual freedom, of initiative, or creativity." Mike Wallace Interview, Fund for the Republic, November 4, 1958. Abraham Lincoln "Prohibition...boes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a man's appetite by legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes." "A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded." December, 1840. OPERATION FLOWER BOX Thanks to Ed Rosenthal of High Times magazine for this strategy. Since the police are so interested in finding pot, we should make it easy for them to do just that. Every spare seed in every stash should be planted. Here are some POTential planting areas: * That flower box or garden in front of government buildings. Police stations are especially ideal. * Public parks. Plant seeds in areas with shrubs or in the forest near streams or fountains. * Plant along railroad right-of-ways. * Going along a country road? Throw out a handful of seeds. If ounly one grows... * Plant along hiking trails. Going hiking? Play Johnny Potseed. * See an empty lot? Wouldn't it look better with some annuals? * How about that cop's front yard? * Going to school? Wouldn't the campus look better if it was covered with pot? Since Sinse is the school flower, it's only right! * Going flying or gliding? What better way to spread the seed? * What a nice, unused construction site! Marijuana colonizes rapidly in disturbed ground. Like Hydra, the mythological serpent -every time its head was chopped off, two more grew in its place. Let's make the prohibitionists paranoid...everywhere they look, they'll discover marijuana. And if the lawmakers continue to pass more severe laws against growing pot, then it would only be just for someone to plant pot on THEIR property and then turn them in (anonymously, as befits a police state) and let them get a taste of their own medicine. For more information, contact: Rocky Mountain HEMP, POB 150804, Lakewood, CO. 80215. To get FREE information about how hemp can save the world, use a touch tone phone and call 303/470-1100 Hemp Information Hotline. *** extracted from the C.A.R.L. on-line encyclopedia TITLE: hemp Hemp is a tall, annual plant, Cannabis sativa, cultivated for its fibers and seed oil, and for the drug products MARIJUANA and hashish. Native to Asia, the plant is now widely cultivated for its fiber in the USSR, Yugoslavia, and Italy, and for its drug products principally in the Middle East, India, Mexico, and North Africa. The strong, flat bast fibers of the hemp plant range in length from 1 to 2.5 m (3 to 8 ft). The fibers are removed from the stem by a process similar to that used for FLAX. Because hemp fibers are less elastic and more difficult to bleach than flax, they are used only in rough fabrics such as sacking. Because they resist water better than any other natural vegetable fiber, hemp fibers were once extensively used for ropes, hammocks, and cables. Today, synthetic fibers have largely replaced hemp for cordage. The drug hashish is made from resin extracted from the female flowers of the hemp plant. Marijuana is made from the dried, chopped flowers, leaves, and stems. Both drugs are considered narcotics in the United States, and, as a control measure, legislation prohibits the possession of the hemp plant or its products (except for hempseed and hemp oil). The name hemp also refers to the plants abaca (Manila hemp), sisal, and sunn, all of which have similar fibers. Abaca is the strongest; its outer fibers are used for cordage, and its fine inner fibers for hats, hammocks, and curtain fabrics. Sisal, second in strength, is used for cordage, summer rugs, and brushes. Sunn, the least strong, is made into stout twine, rope, rug yarns, and coarse cloth. It is also used in papermaking. ISABEL B. WINGATE TITLE: marijuana Marijuana (also spelled marihuana) is the common name given to any DRUG preparation from the hemp plant, Cannabis sativa. Various forms of this drug are known by different names throughout the world, such as kif in Morocco, dagga in South Africa, and ganja in India. Hashish refers to a dried, resinous substance that exudes from the flowering tops of the plant. In Western culture, cannabis preparations have acquired a variety of slang names, including grass, pot, tea, reefer, weed, and Mary Jane. Cannabis has been smoked, eaten in cakes, and drunk in beverages. In Western cultures marijuana is prepared most often as a tobaccolike mixture that is smoked in a pipe or rolled into a cigarette. One of the oldest known drugs, cannabis was acknowledged as early as 2700 B.C. in a Chinese manuscript. Throughout the centuries it has been used both medicinally and as an intoxicant. The major psychoactive component of this drug, however, was not identified until the mid-1960s; this ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC. At present, other cannabiniods have been isolated and their possible biochemical activities are being explored. Psychoactive compounds are found in all parts of the male and female plant, with the greatest concentration in the flowering tops. The content of these active compounds varies greatly from plant to plant, depending on genetic and environmental factors. Marijuana has its major physiological effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous systems; these effects are primarily sedative and hallucinogenic. Low doses psychologically produce a sense of well-being, relaxation, and sleepiness. Higher doses cause mild sensory distortions, altered time sense, loss of short-term memory, loss of balance, and difficulty in completing thought processes. Even higher doses can result in psychosis, along with hallucinations, loss of insight, delusions, and paranoia. Physiologically, the heart rate increases and blood vessels of the eye dilate, causing reddening. Also, a feeling of tightness in the chest may occur, as well as a lack of muscular coordination. Tolerance to some effects of marijuana occurs in animals; there is some clinical evidence that tolerance develops in humans. Studies have not determined whether physical dependence results. Medical use for cannabis preparations is being tried for the treatment of the eye disease glaucoma. Another possible use of marijuana is to prevent the nausea and vomiting that accompanies cancer chemotherapy. The use of marijuana as an intoxicant in the United States became a problem of public concern in the 1930s. Regulatory laws were passed in 1937, and criminal penalties were instituted for possession and sale of the botanical drug. In 1968 the possession and sale of THC, the psychoactive chemical component, was restricted to research. In the 1970s marijuana use became widespread. A survey in 1979 found that 43 million Americans have tried marijuana, and that 16 million are current users. Penalties decreased and possible legalization of marijuana as a recreational drug was under consideration. CHARLES W. GORODETZKY Bibliography: Abel, Ernest L., comp., The Scientific Study of Marihuana (1975); Bloomquist, Edward R., Marijuana (1968); Bonnie, Richard J., and Whitehead, Charles H., The Marihuana Conviction (1974); Grinspoon, Lester, Marihuana Reconsidered, 2d ed. (1977); Kaplan, John, Marihuana (1970); Merlin, Mark D., Man and Marihuana (1972); Snyder, Solomon H., Uses of Marihuana (1971); Tart, Charles T., On Being Stoned (1971); Waller, Coy W., et al., Marihuana (1976). TITLE: manila ECONOMIC ACTIVITY ...Commercial crops, led by coconuts and sugarcane, include bananas, pineapples, abaca (Manila hemp), tobacco, coffee, and cotton....In 1942, during World War II, the Japanese took Manila. When it was recaptured by U.S. forces in 1945 it suffered heavy damage.... extracted from: ENCYCLOPEDCIA OF THE GREAT QUOTATIONS A unique anthology, devoted to the nature of man and dedicated to "the illimitable freedom of the human mind." compiled by George Seldes "...a collection of man's best thinking..." c.1960 William Randolph Hearst (1863-1951) American newspaper publisher "Please realize that the first duty of newspaper men is to get the news and PRINT THE NEWS." Requoted in Editor & Publisher, August 12, 1944. "You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war." Cable to Frederic Remington, artist, in Cuba, 1898. "We hold that the greatest right in the world is the right to be wrong, that in the exercise thereof people have an inviolable right to express their unbridled thoughts on all topics and personalities, being liable only for the abuse of that right." Platform, Independence League; N.Y. Journal, February 1, 1924. "We hold that no person or set of persons can properly establish a standard of expression for others." Ibid. "What has become of the descendants of the irresponsible adventurers, the scapegrace sons, the bond servants, the redemptionists and the indentured maidens, the undesirables, and even the criminals, which made up -not all, of course, but nevertheless a considerable part of- the earliest emigrants to these virgin countries? They have become the leaders of the thought of the world, the vanguard in the march of progress, the inspirers of liberty, the creators of national prosperity, the sponsors of universal education and enlightenment." Communication to the American Crime Study Commission, May 19, 1929. "The NARROW-MINDED BIGOTS have given to this country and to the world freedom of speech, freedom of thought and action and redigious liberty." Ibid. "Any man who has the brains to think and the nerve to act for the benefit of the people of the country is considered a radical by those who are content with stagnation and willing to endure disaster." Interview, Cleveland Plain Dealer, October 24, 1932. "A politician will do anything to keep his job- even become a patriot." Editorial, August 28, 1933. "SEVENTH, the text of a newspaper must tell the news. The headlines must tell the news. The pictures must tell the news. The subheads and subtitles must tell the news. Please see that the newspapers perform this function." Instructions to E. D. Coblentz, March 1, 1938. "When free discussion is denied, hardening of the arteries of democracy has set in, free institutions are but a lifeless form, and the death of the republic is at hand." 'In the News,' June 13, 1941. "Whatever is right can be achieved through the irresistible power of awakened and informed public opinion. Our object, therefore, is not to enquire whether a thing can be done, but whether it ought to be done, to so exert the forces of publicity that public opinion will compel it to be done." Advertisement, N.Y. Herald Tribune, August 19, 1946. "According to American principle and practice the public is the ruler of the State, and in order to rule rightly it should be informed correctly." N.Y. Journal-American, November 11, 1954. Hearst published a daily quotation on his editorial pages; after his death a daily quotation from his writings was published. W.R.Hearst died owning over 20 newspapers with which he greatly influenced the vast public of early days to outlaw marijuana using bigotry and views of racism to protect his newspaper monopoly in fear of the growing threat that hemp would one day replace trees as a source of paper, thus, the Marijuana Tax Act was passed after its congressional introduction by his accomplices who held seats at the head of our nation. Aldous Huxley (1894-1963) English writer "The vast majority of human beings dislike and even actually dread all notions with which they are not familiar....Hence it comes about that at their first appearance innovators have generally been persecuted, and always derided as fools and madmen." Proper Studies. "That all men are equal is a proposition to which, at ordinary times, no sane individual has ever given his assent." Ibid. "Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored." Ibid. Success -"the bitch-goddess, Success" in William James's phrase- demands strange sacrifices from those who worship her." Ibid. "Facts are ventriloquists' dummies. Sitting on a wise man's knee they may be made to utter words of wisdom; elsewhere, they say nothing, or talk nonsense, or indulge in sheer diabolism." Mr. Huxley "can't remember the source of this quotation." "If we must play the theological game, let us never forget that it is a game. Religion, it seems to me, can survive only as a consciously accepted system of make-believe." Ibid. "Luckily the majority of nominal Christians has at no time taken the Christian ideal very seriously; if it had, the races and the civilization of the West would long ago have come to an end." Cardiff, What Great Men Think of Religion. "You can produce plenty of goods without much freedom, but the whole creative life of man is ultimately impossible without a considerable measure of individual freedom, of initiative, or creativity." Mike Wallace Interview, Fund for the Republic, November 4, 1958. Abraham Lincoln "Prohibition...boes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a man's appetite by legislation and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes." "A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded." December, 1840. OPERATION FLOWER BOX Thanks to Ed Rosenthal of High Times magazine for this strategy. Since the police are so interested in finding pot, we should make it easy for them to do just that. Every spare seed in every stash should be planted. Here are some POTential planting areas: * That flower box or garden in front of government buildings. Police stations are especially ideal. * Public parks. Plant seeds in areas with shrubs or in the forest near streams or fountains. * Plant along railroad right-of-ways. * Going along a country road? Throw out a handful of seeds. If ounly one grows... * Plant along hiking trails. Going hiking? Play Johnny Potseed. * See an empty lot? Wouldn't it look better with some annuals? * How about that cop's front yard? * Going to school? Wouldn't the campus look better if it was covered with pot? Since Sinse is the school flower, it's only right! * Going flying or gliding? What better way to spread the seed? * What a nice, unused construction site! Marijuana colonizes rapidly in disturbed ground. Like Hydra, the mythological serpent -every time its head was chopped off, two more grew in its place. Let's make the prohibitionists paranoid...everywhere they look, they'll discover marijuana. And if the lawmakers continue to pass more severe laws against growing pot, then it would only be just for someone to plant pot on THEIR property and then turn them in (anonymously, as befits a police state) and let them get a taste of their own medicine. For more information, contact: Rocky Mountain HEMP, POB 150804, Lakewood, CO. 80215.